There's a great answer that I remember seeing a few months ago on Chess, figured i'd link to a couple and not just that one though.

Here's a comment by u/JediLibrarian where he links to some of his answers around Chess

Here's an answer by u/deepwank that goes into detail about different cultures effects on the names of the pieces as well as rules. There's an expansion underneath by u/Kirbyfan107 about different styles of Chess.

This isn't an answer as such, but this comment by u/JediLibrarian is relevent-ish to the second part of your question. Hopefully someone will expand more on this though .