The Mongols invaded the kingdoms of Hungary and Poland. The Mongols won the first few invasions but were eventually defeated. Some say that Europe was merely lucky that Subutai, the great general of Mongols, passed away, while others say that the Mongols weren't as successful at capturing Europe due to internal conflicts and lack of interest (Europe was not as economically attractive as China, India, or the Muslim world at the time). While it does kind of make sense (after all, the Mongols were able to control a huge amount of land that wouldn't be surpassed for centuries until the British Empire), I think the logic is kind of dumb in one way or another. For once, we could also argue that Japan was merely lucky to have the typhoons, or Indonesia was lucky for its archipelago terrain, or Vietnam had the dense rainforests.
So what are your thoughts? Is it true that Europe wasn't conquered by Mongols merely due to luck?
europe was just as economically attractive as china tbh, even a bit more advanced technologically (not in all fields though). in the case of hungary i'd rather say the mongols were the lucky ones (on top of being really really smart). they attacked the country during a political turmoil. the leader of the cuman refugees who was in theory under the personal protection of the hungarian king was assasinated (maybe by the mongols themselves? afaik we have no evidence to suggest it, but i wouldn't be surprised) and in their rage they started wreaking havoc across the southwestern parts of the country. Subotai came with the majority of his forces to subdue the country and sent a negligible distraction force to poland. Even with the cumans raiding a third of the country and some nobles just outright rejecting to send their levies, the hungarians have almost won the battle of mohi and inflicted heavy casualties on the mongols. they did not return to hungary for 43 years. and when they did return, they have suffered a decisive defeat which culminated in them gradually giving in to hungarian, polish and russian influence in the next few hundred years.