Why was General Stanisław Maczek denied a pension from the UK government?

by HibernianScholar

I was reading about General Stanisław Maczek who was the commanding officer of the Polish 1st armoured division during World War 2 and later an army group. He and his unit were a very effective and successful military unit for the allies and would become almost local heroes in the regions they liberated such as in the Netherlands.

However at the end of the war he was stripped of his Polish citizenship by the communist Polish government so he had to live in effective exile in Britain. Despite being ostensibly a war hero and staunch ally the British government denied him a pension forcing him to be a bar tender and general labourer for decades to make ends meet.

The Dutch would eventually give him a full general's pension but I am interested to know if anyone has any insight for the British government's decision to not support the general.

Noble_Devil_Boruta

Although your question shows that you most likely know most the background of the discussed issue, I'll allow myself to present them nevertheless, on account of other readers that might not know all the details and want to know more.

Now, although Gen. Stanisław Maczek is often presented as a victim of British government that maliciously did not recognize his achievements, this interpretation is not entirely correct. Please note that he was a commander of 2nd Rifles Division, them 10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade and finally 1st Armoured Division. All these units were part of Polish Armed Forces and thus were nominally Polish, and only temporarily under British high command as allies. As long as they were formal military units, all soldiers and officers were receiving normal wages befitting their station. But after the war ended, British army did not need another 200.000 soldiers and thus recruitment of Poles was out of question especially that most of them did not want to join foreign army. Before the 1945, most of them assumed that they will simply return to liberated Poland and continue service on its territory. When the Western approval for the USSR-backed government was officially expressed on 5th July 1945, a lot of soldiers and especially officers understood, that returning will not be as easy as they thought, especially given the hostility communist authorities shown towards the Polish soldiers in the West.

Thus, with many Polish soldiers and officers stranded in England and posing little use for British military they did not really want to join themselves, disbandment of the troops became inevitable and largely accepted. What Poles did not expect was the time-frame of the process. They generally counted on gradual release to civilian life over the years with some still having hope of regaining freedom for Poland or even creation of some kind of surrogate Polish territory in the former Italian or German colonies. Nevertheless, the idea of gradual transition from military to civilian life prevailed both among British politician and Polish command and thus the Polish Resettlement Corps were formed on 22nd May 1946 with the plan of being completely disbanded until 18th July 1948.

Moreover, in 1946, USSR-backed Provisional Government of National Unity that usurped the governance of Poland, despite Polish government still existing and operating in London, decided to stripe 76 high-ranking officers of Polish citizenship. The first resolution applied only to Gen. Władysław Anders, commander of 2nd Polish Corps and general Inspector of Armed Forces, second resolution applied to 75 other prominent officers from the rank of Major up, including Gen. Stanisław Maczek. This decision has been justified by the Citizenship Act of 1920, stating that such action is possible in regard to individuals who accepted foreign public office without consent of the suitable governmental bodies. The office in question was the place in Polish Resettlement Corps, treated by GNU as 'paramilitary organisation within British Army'.

Polish Resettlement Corps was an organization created to provide relatively smooth transition of Polish soldiers and officers from military to civilian life in England. Polish Government in Exile, stressed the provisional character of the GNU and being aware that USSR-backed politicians will likely not take kindly to the remnants of pre-war government and armed forces. Thus, he negotiated with Great Britain to keep the Polish soldiers in England for the time being, and possibly assist them in finding a new home there, as a substantial number of soldiers and officers were not eager to return to Poland now under communist rule and preferred to stay in England. This led to the formation of a body providing rudimentary housing (in former military bases) and upkeep in form of military wages, as well as professional training for those who would like to stay. This was benefiting primarily soldiers, who were young and usually had some civilian working experience, but officers, especially those of higher ranks had serious difficulties adopting to the new circumstances.

This solution has put Polish officers in a difficult situation. So far, they were receiving regular wage as the members of allied armed forces under British command, but the dissolution of Polish Armed Forces in the West meant that they officially ceased to perform that function and essentially became British civilians holding military ranks of a foreign country. When Polish Armed Forces in the West were disbanded, they were not eligible for the officer's wages and, having never served in the British army proper, they were also not eligible for any kind of British military pension (their transfer to Polish Resettlement Corps and eventual release was not an equivalent to relinquishing of a commission, as they formally never received the latter). Even if their actions could have been chalked up to service in British Army, they served for only few years, far too little to receive any military benefits.

Those who have been stripped of Polish citizenship, were also not eligible for any pension from the new government in Poland and after 1946 Polish Government in Exile had too little influence to negotiate any special treatment of Polish officers (few of them were recruited into British forces, but these were very rare cases, less than a dozen out of few thousands officers and chiefly in Royal Navy and RAF that Polish Navy and Air Forces became nominally a part of for the duration of war). This, in turn, means that the best government could have offered without changing military regulations was a severance payment and possibly an ex-gratia military pension, that has indeed been awarded to few high-ranking commanders. And indeed, Gen. Maczek, like many other officers received the severance payment, what, together with his savings was enough to enough to buy a flat in Edinburgh (at 16 Arden Street). Nevertheless, this was only a one-time payment, forcing the officers to find an independent source of income.

As stated before, finding a job was not that hard for regular soldiers who were young and expected to be released from the army and start civilian work after the war ended. Officers, especially high-ranking ones, faced more problems, however. Although well-educated (he studied philosophy and literature), Gen. Maczek, now 54, did not speak English well and his only professional experience was in military, where he served for the last 30 years. All this severely hindered any chances of obtaining any well-paid job in England. Please note that some Polish officers successfully pursued jobs in England, with the one of the best known examples being 2nd Lt. Henryk Vogelfänger, barrister and also popular comedian and actor in pre-war Poland who later became a high school teacher. Likewise, 1st Lt. Zdzisław Starostecki, who was only 26 when the war ended, emigrated to USA, graduated from technical university and the worked in Defense Department Research and Development Center (he is one of the developers of 'Patriot' missile).

Curiously, Polish soldiers who were captured and then kept as prisoners of war in Germany and were not eager to return to Poland for the reasons mentioned above, potentially had more chances to land a good job thanks to formation of the Polish Guard Companies, paramilitary units tasked with guarding various strategic objects, like seaports, airports, depots, warehouses, military bases or prisons for German war criminals that also provided professional education, much like Polish Resettlement Corps. Created by American forces occupying Germany in 1946, Polish Guard Companies introduced mandatory English courses in 1948, allowing easier transition to civilian life abroad (although it should be noted that they were far smaller than PRC, numbering roughly 12.000 people in 1947 in opposition to over 120.000 of the PRC). They were also relatively long-lived, having been officially disbanded only in 1967. As in later years, they were largely changed to Technical Support Corps, many members of these units found technical jobs in American bases, while others remained in Germany or emigrated, chiefly to Canada, United States and France.

So, to sum it up, Gen. Stanisław Maczek a Polish officer commanding Polish troops, not an commissioned British officer, so after disbanding of Polish Armed Forces in the West, he was not eligible to any military wages or pensions. Polish Government in Exile ceased to be supported by Western Allies in 1945 and was unable to provide support for thousands of officers, while USSR-controlled government of People's Republic of Poland did not recognize members of Polish Armed Forces in the West as Polish soldiers (and, in case of 76 aforementioned officers, not as Polish citizens at all). Thus, with the Polish Resettlement Corps being disbanded, Gen. Maczek became a regular foreign citizen residing in Great Britain. Although he received one-time severance payment, his age, poor grasp of English and lack of civilian professional experience forced him to take low-end job to support himself and family.