How did France and Italy become the culinary empires they are today?

I've heard that Communist Romania had greater autonomy compared to the other eastern block countries because Romania had the fuel and resources to be self sufficient if the USSR tried to put economic pressure on it for political reasons.

• Did Romania have greater autonomy than others?

• How self sufficient was Romania in terms of fuel, food, industry and education? Did Romania import intellectual properties from the USSR and just manufacture copies?

• Did Romania's shared border with Yugoslavia help in this autonomy; that if need be they could ally with a communist 3rd party without getting involved with Western Powers?

At what point in history was the first map created that included all 7 continents?

I apologize if this isn't the correct place to ask a question of this nature.

I've been reading up on the Cold War, being particularly interested in post WW2 soviet/communist expansion in Europe, Asia and Latin America. I checked out the sub's book list which was very helpful. Still, I was wondering if anyone well versed in this topic would be able to provide any suggestions of books produced by non-american/british authors? I was hoping to find translated works of authors from countries/regions who previously integrated the eastern bloc or the soviet sphere of influence, in hopes of getting a broader picture.

Appreciate your time!

What is the earliest historical record of the concept of a 7-day week?

Why does "Esther" have an "h" in it when it's spelled " אֶסְתֵּר" rather than " אֶסְתֵר?"

What would happen if you overslept for a duel (think spaghetti western style gun duel)? Were you like hunted down, or would you just reschedule? Was it largely dependent on your opponent?

I wanted to check if it was okay to post a question regarding a possible reading list if it exists, and saw someone did the same. However, if that isn't the case then I'm happy for this to be deleted.

I've checked the booklist provided for the subreddit and found two interesting books recommended for Thai history. That being said, I was wondering would anyone have recommendations for Thai history especially during the time of Luang Phibunsongkhram? I just wanted to know what the country was before and the impact that was made after his leadership. Thank you.

Why were streets made to be so wide in the past? I look at city maps and it’s so different how spaced out roads were back then.

What did the Abbasids generally do with all the princes and princesses that didn't inherit the Caliphate?

What is the first known example of custard?

What's the name of this pants?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harry_S._Truman_WW_I.jpg

And do their shape have any purpose?

When the remains of the Ummayid Caliphate claimed the new Córdoba Caliphate, how did the rest of the Muslim world react? With them claiming to own all of the Muslim world whilst there was already another caliphate (Abbasid) that owned pretty much all the Muslim world?

Pinging /u/CharLimitsAreBullshi -

There is no evidence that Queen Victoria actually intervened in an attempted outlawing of lesbianism. The only treatment of this issue I can find is in Sex and Sexuality in Victorian Britain, by Violet Fenn. Fenn notes that the first public mentioning of the theory came about in 1977, when a protest group claimed she had denied the existence of lesbians. Victoria's Royal Assent to laws passed by Parliament was a formality that she signed as a matter of course.

Fenn concludes that it probably came down to Parliament not wanting to give women ideas based on a similar incident in 1921, where the House of Lords refused to pass a law making lesbian acts illegal because it was "advertis[ing] vice by prohibiting it". It's not conclusive, but it's the best there this. This is probably the source Dr. Kate Williams was drawing on.

Political Media in the United States has grown increasingly polarized and bias. When did this start happening? Are political media in other countries also like this?

I heard an anecdote in a documentary a while ago. I can not find the documentary, nor can I find any other information about this and it's bugging the hell out of me, here's what I remember.

A German catholic priest in the ~1500s did an "experiment" with early firearms. He shot a group with conventional lead projectiles, then shot another group with silver bullets stamped with a cross. He found the lead preformed better and declared guns a product of the devil.

Does anyone have more information about this experiment/priest/declaration?

Was Ancient Rome's civic crown still given to ordinary citizens after Augustus?

How were Varangians recruited? Could any Norseman, or later Anglo-Saxon, just show up at the court in Constantinople and join up? Or did they have to join as part of a group raised by a local chief who sailed down with a company of men to join up all together? Something else entirely?

How did greeks fought during 13th century BC? (Trojan war era). Do they have army formations like the phalanx or they fought like in the movie troy, Individually chaotic

Are there any good resources for keeping up on archaeological discoveries? The main thing for me is finding new texts, I'm way more interested in textual discovery and/or decipherment than most of the rest of it. Are there good resources which focus specifically on that?

I know that this is probably a baby's-first historian-101 question, but how solid is the historian consensus on the JFK assassination? (IE the consensus that Oswald acted alone.) This has proven an amazingly difficult question to google because of the sheer volume of conspiracy crap that pops up on any search of the subject.

Reason for asking: I've recently become a fan of a science youtuber who often debunks conspiracy-minded people like flat-earthers/moon landing truthers/etc. He recently branched out to discussing politics, and I was surprised to see him, in a discussion of JFK, take an agnostic view on JFK conspiracy theories. I commented that I was surprised to hear him say that given his views on conspiracism on science matters; he replied that he was just stating the public consensus. I almost replied "how would you feel if someone said, 'there's no consensus on the theory of evolution?'" but I stopped myself because I realized I didn't know if that was an even comparison, ie the historian consensus on JFK versus the biologist consensus on evolution. Hope yall can shed a little light!

Which meeting of former/current U.S. presidents had the largest number of presidents in attendance? That picture on the front page today contains five presidents, is that a record?

What sort have relationships will have developed within ghettos during the holocaust? And how did them relationships help contribute towards spiritual resistance?

How are these crusader helmets shaped on the inside? Is it still bucket-shaped on the inside, or are they more shaped to fit a human head? If not, how do they stay on?

https://www.thevintagenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/120-2-427x640.jpg

What was the hat Phoenicians wore? Like here: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/5e/8c/f0/5e8cf05701f4b9e5a755718fa0639d92.jpg

And over here, this video said Liba, or Libad or Libab, I did not here it well, could help me say what he said? https://youtu.be/ojiOLBt7q_Y at 6:39

Are there any real cases similar to A Series of Unfortunate Events where someone concocts elaborate schemes to get inheritance from a bunch of orphans?

I once heard about a theory that the ancient greek genuinely believed in possessions by gods and didn't take full responsibility for their actions.

I think there is a book about the subject. Does anyone know what I'm talking about?

Is Napoleon seen as a good person? (My father wants that i 3d print him some people from the history because he likes history and i don't want to print bad people like the german with funny mustache)

Hello, could anyone suggest a left wing look at American political history similar to Howard Zinn, Daniel Immerwahr, and H G Hopkins?

I am particularly interested in how major parties have united or divided on issues at times to suppress popular discontent. for example, this bit from American Empire by Hopkins

"Populism was a backlash against globalization that challenged the existing political order, as it did in Europe....Popular disaffection in both country and town pointed to the politics of the future, which obliged Republicans and Democrats to sharpen their differences in a bid to capture and contain dissent."

struck me as pretty thematic up to the present

Looking for an online resource for researching federal farm loans (USDA, FSA) from the 1930’s, 40’s, 50’s...

Did Mobin III really access knowledge that was heretofore unknown in his kingdom?

Can anyone give me examples in which the peasants and feudal lords made temporary alliance against the growing medieval middle class?

Maybe a bit of a stupid question but what are some good resources to dive deeper into history? I always enjoyed history as a subject in school but now that I graduated and can’t find a job (plus college isn’t an option at the moment) I’ve been meaning to do more individual research and don’t know where to start

I've been reading a lot of Israeli history, starting with Hillel Cohen's 1929, through Morris' 1948, and now finishing Oren's 1967.

Are there similar books about the 1973, or 1982 wars?

I'm learning Italian and trying to get a better understanding of Italian history. Does anyone have recommended books on 19th and 20th century Italy, particularly in regard to urban transformations and cultural history? I've found RJB Bosworth, and his books on fascism and Rome and Venice but few others.

How come flags are usually all Tricolors or a solid color with one logo?

How far back does the divide between the Celtic and Germanic tribes go? Did they arrive in Europe separately? Do they have the same origins?

What is the name of John Knox’s writings on the death of James V?

What are some good resources for understanding Native American entheogenic practices across North and South America?

What single historical battle had the most individual soldiers actively fighting in it?

In early 1942, would a German war analyst have had any positive outcomes to predict?