For readers who may not be familiar with the background of u/J2squared's question, let me explain briefly.

A group of American B-17 bombers were due to land on Oahu on the morning of December 7, 1941. They were en route to reinforce the Philippines. Famously, an American soldier operating a radar station on the north side of the island tracked a large formation of aircraft coming in at about 0700 that morning at the end of his shift. This sighting was called in, but the officer who took the report was aware that there was a flight of B-17s supposed to arrive that morning. He wasn't at liberty to share this detail with the radar operator, so he simply told the radar operator not to worry about it. The large formation was the first wave of the Japanese attack, which also arrived from the north of the island that morning.

The B-17s arrived over Oahu in the midst of the first wave. There were 16 scheduled to take off, but most stories of the attack report that 3 or 4 planes were unable to take off or had to turn back due to engine trouble, putting the number at 12 or 13. However, this Air Force history says there were 12, so that's the number I'll be using.

They were supposed to land at Hickam Field, the main base where the US Army Air Corps bombers were located. But Hickam was one of the targets in the first wave of the attack. The bombers saw smoke coming from Oahu and noticed large amounts of anti-aircraft fire but the crews believed the locals were burning sugarcane fields, and that perhaps there were gunnery drills that morning. Some pilots who saw Japanese planes even thought they were American planes with special markings for use as targets. The bombers had trouble raising Hickam Field on the radio as they decreased altitude and prepared to land, and could soon see that there were fires at Hickam itself. This is about the time the Japanese fighters found the B-17s.

The B-17 was a formidable aircraft. Even casual World War II fans will know that it was well-armed and well-armored, especially when flying in formation. But these aircraft coming in from the mainland had no firepower. Their defensive machine guns were covered in cosmoline (a thick grease) to protect them from corrosion during the trip across the Pacific. Apparently after some of the B-17s landed, ground crewmen ran to some of the planes in hopes of using their machine guns or removing the guns for use elsewhere. This happened with some other planes on Hawaii that morning but was impossible with the cosmoline, which required some time and effort to remove. Even without this, the planes weren't carrying ammunition during the trip.

With no guns, no ammunition, and almost no fuel left, the B-17 crews had no choice but to set the planes down in the middle of the attack. The majority did land at Hickam Field; one of them, piloted by Capt. R. T. Swenson, took heavy fire as it tried to land. They decided to try and regain altitude and hide in the clouds, but a fire had started on board. They were forced to land, and before the plane had stopped it broke in two because of the fire. One crew member was killed after the crash landing by a strafing aircraft. A second B-17, piloted by 1st Lt. Robert Richards, also tried to land at Hickam but was under attack. It landed at Bellows Field, on the east side of Oahu, and was written off after the attack from damage that occurred either from the fighters, its rough landing, or because parts were cannibalized to repair other aircraft. This is a photo of it.

The other 10 B-17s took varying amounts of damage but came through. Two of them, unable to land at Hickam, eventually landed at Haleiwa Field. This was no small feat; Haleiwa Field was essentially a grass field that had been flattened and mowed for fighters to take off and land. Another, piloted by 1st Lt Frank Bostrom, set his plane down on Kahuku Golf Course! It managed to fly out a few days later and returned to service.

The rest of the aircraft made successful landings at Hickam. The official Air Force report linked above describes one of the 12 bombers as "destroyed" (the one that broke apart on landing); the plane that landed at Bellows and the one that set down at the golf course are both listed as "repairable," but the Bellows aircraft never flew again. The others are listed as "in commission" by the evening of December 8. It's likely that several of them took damage; many apparently also drew fire from American anti-aircraft guns in the confusion. But this seems to have been relatively minor damage.

The B-17 was a tough aircraft, and there were a lot of other targets for the Japanese on December 7. The crews of these planes were mostly rather fortunate that morning. The appendix of that report has a full list of USAAC KIAs and WIAs, I believe I only found 1 KIA and 5 WIA from the 38th and 88th Reconnaissance Squadrons, which were the units of the B-17s flying in that morning. Most of those casualties (but not all) were in the aircraft that caught fire and fell apart and the Bellows plane that was written off. Someone is welcome to check me.

If you'd like to know the ultimate fate of each of those aircraft, their serial numbers are listed in the appendix of the report linked above and you can match those with this page. Of the 10 B-17s that flew again, you'd likely only say that 3 "survived" in that they were scrapped much later in the war without significant damage. None of them were preserved, though it seems it's possible a couple of them are wrecks in Pacific jungles. The pilot who landed his B-17 on the golf course, Frank Bostrom, later flew another one of the B-17s that survived as part of Douglas MacArthur's evacuation of the Philippines.

Edit: Cleaned up a confusing sentence and added a detail about casualties from the B-17s.