In the face of waves of European oppression were there organized efforts at Jewish diaspora emigration back to Biblical Judea (or Palestine), prior to the 19th century Zionist movement?
Yes and no, in that while there were definitely both organized communities and organized infrastructure for these communities, the emigration was generally on a relatively small scale, even if it was organized. I talk about the pre-Zionist yishuv (Jewish settlement in Ottoman Palestine) in this post, but I should note that "organized" is a strong word, especially when compared to the Zionist movement, which was of course very large and very organized. While there were smaller scale emigrations which were organized (such as the movement of Rabbi Yechiel of Paris and his students to Akko in the 1250s, and Rabbi Yehuda HaChasid and his followers who arrived in Jerusalem in 1700), much of the emigration was more piecemeal and individual, even as it was often motivated by similar goals of living spiritual lives in the Holy Land.