Your image is not Mayan, it's the "Pyramid of the Sun" from Teotihuacan, which was basically on the opposite side of Mesoamerica from the Maya. They did share some artistic features though, due to Teotihuacan influence on the Maya and Mayan artisans present in Teotihuacan. That's kind of besides the point though.

Yes, both Mayan and Teotihuacano art and architecture would have been vividly painted. If you take a look at this temple facade from Teotihuacan (specifically the Feathered Serpent Pyramid, which is very close to the Pyramid of the Sun) you will see what it looks like today. Here is a recreation in the Archaeology Museum in Mexico City. As you can see, it was quite vividly painted.

Mayan art and architecture was made in a very different way, with buildings often covered in stucco plaster. This plaster was often painted directly, and would have been made in quite bright, vivid colors. Here's an example from Copan. Obviously not all temples would have looked like this, or have been painted in these particular colors, but hopefully it should answer your question.

Yes, Mesoamerican temples were painted.