A broad question given the distances and time but an ex-Muslim acquintance of mine argues that Muslim jurists forbade enslaved women from wearing veils/clothes and that they were forced to walk around topless or nude in public.
One thing i've been told is that the Awrah (the area of your body you must cover in public according to islamic law) is from knee to navel if you are a enslaved woman as opposed to the entire body except face/hands/feet if you are a muslim free woman.
Quotes and Sources:
- Mujahid said: Ibn Umar passed by some people trying to buy a slave and they were kissing her. When they saw him they stopped. Ibn 'Umar came and uncovered her leg. Then he pushed her breast and said, "Buy" And Mujahid added: Ibn Umar put his hand between her breasts and then shook them (Musanaf Abderrazak Al-Sanaani, Volume 7 page 286 Tradition 13202)
- Umar once saw a slave-girl that belonged to us (to Anas) wearing a scarf, so Umar hit her and told her: 'Don't assume the manners of free woman (Musnaf Ibn Abi Shaybah, Volume 2 page 41 Tradition 6236)
- Ibn Jourayj said: A trusted person told me he heard Ali asked about the slave, is it possible to look at her leg, and buttocks, and at her belly ?. He said: "There is nothing wrong with that, there is no respect for her, she stands so that we can negotiate her price" (Musanaf Abderrazak Al-Sanaani, Volume 7 page 287 Tradition 13208)
Supposedly Umar is one of the most important people in Islam as i've understood as he took over leadership when Mohammed died.
- The Prophet (ﷺ) stayed for three rights between Khaibar and Medina and was married to Safiya. I invited the Muslim to his marriage banquet and there was neither meat nor bread in that banquet but the Prophet ordered Bilal to spread the leather mats on which dates, dried yogurt and butter were put. The Muslims said amongst themselves, "Will she (i.e. Safiya) be one of the mothers of the believers, (i.e. one of the wives of the Prophet (ﷺ) ) or just (a lady captive) of what his right-hand possesses" Some of them said, "If the Prophet (ﷺ) makes her observe the veil, then she will be one of the mothers of the believers (i.e. one of the Prophet's wives), and if he does not make her observe the veil, then she will be his lady slave." So when he departed, he made a place for her behind him (on his and made her observe the veil.
Source : http://sunnah.com/bukhari/64/253
- We stood for some time in this sorrowful market and saw the mournful, or rather terrifying, handling of people. For when a person wants to buy a person, male or female, he enters the building and considers those for sale, which [of them] pleases him. [...] and then he also strips [him] of his clothes, noting all the members. He considers how modest [he is], how timid, how happy, how sad, how healthy and whole. There, which is shameful to say, the genitals of males and females are handled and openly shown in the presence of all. Also, nude and cut by whips, they are compelled to march, run, walk, and jump in the presence of all, so that it becomes manifestly clear which are sick or healthy, male or female, virgin or corrupt. If they see them blush, they take up position around them striking more, cutting with sticks, buffeting with fists, so that he would do thus in a forced manner what he blushed to do voluntarily in the presence of all.
Source : http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MSR_XIX_2016_Barker.pdf
And if it's true. What changed these morals? How did Muslims adopt a Victorian Morality.
This isn't a direct answer, but I have a few past comments that may be helpful to you:
When did the burqa become widespread?
I can't speak to whether or not enslaved women were allowed to dress (although from the quotes you gave here, it seems pretty explicit that enslaved women wore clothing but, as socially-dead human property, were unable to cover their bodies if their enslavers chose to display them), the idea of respectable married women veiling themselves but sex workers and the enslaved being prohibited from doing so in order to mark them out as "available" was fairly widespread.