The 19th century is a period of great immigration from different countries to the US. Many of these people were from poor families that struggled to survive in the lands of their birth, often without any education. How this mass of people had found oneself in such an unfamiliar place, with a different culture and most importantly, the language; knowing that they had only spoken their native languages.
I’m not entirely sure what the question is, but I think it’s how did immigrants in 19th century USA integrate without knowing English.
A large proportion of immigrants did speak English and came from the British Isles (including Ireland) or British colonies (Canada) and many would’ve spoken English as either a first or second language (mainly Irish, Welsh, Highland Scottish Gaelic, etc.).
For immigrants who did not speak English, they would often first disembark in some river or Ocean port city (New York, New Orleans, Boston, Baltimore, San Francisco, St. Louis, etc.) where there would likely already be a community of people who spoke their language (especially German, Irish, Polish, Yiddish, Chinese, Japanese etc. ) where they would learn English from working and living in an American city in a few months or years. In some cultural enclaves, entire neighborhoods or towns would be made up of immigrants from the same country (sometimes entire villages would immigrate together) and continued to speak their original languages, and would never learn English. It would be very rare for an immigrant to arrive at a city and find no one who spoke their language, as the very ship that carried them over likely had other routes from their country/ port of origin. It was very common that an immigrant only came to a specific city or area of the country because they heard of an opportunity from a family member or someone from their country of origin.
From there they would either find a permanent profession and stay in the city, or move somewhere else inland if they had the means or knew of an opportunity. Many immigrants came to the USA to buy land further inland and would, after raising enough money (sometimes arriving with enough money, sometimes taking years to raise funds). The Federal a government owned large swathes of land, especially in the Midwest and west of the Mississippi, and as part of official policy would sell small plots of land for very cheap, providing the owner could build a certain structures and maintain relative self sufficiency.