Why was there a trend in ancient Chinese history to blame the fall of a dynasty on the emperor's concubine ?

by WAGRAMWAGRAM
huianxin

While this does not directly answer your question, you may be interested in a previous writeup I did which addresses perceptions of women through Confucian and literary lenses in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and the role of women in shaping society and motivations of individuals.

Dongzhou3kingdoms

One thing to note is that, in ancient Chinese history, a dynasty didn't fall due to misfortune in natural events (famines, early deaths) or long term administrative weaknesses but due to moral failings that led to the mandate of heaven leaving to a worthier figure. The natural causes? A sign heaven had turned against the dynasty and its ruler due to said moral failings, figures like Ban Gu and Sima Biao listed bad omens from heaven that they blamed on females or eunuchs. The last ruler (or if a puppet so can't really be blamed then the last ruler in power) or two are the ones that doomed the empire, not necessarily because they lacked talent but that their attitudes and actions, so lacking in virtue, cost heaven's support. It justified the change of power and legitimized the new regime whose founder was, of course, a worthy ruler and a complete contrast to the Emperor he conquered.

It didn't have to be down to a woman, eunuchs were also a favourite scapegoat. In the Han and three kingdoms, there wasn't one wicked concubine failing charge though charges of too large a harem were commonplace (Emperor Huan, Ling, Liu Shan, Cao Rui, Cao Fang who really gets charged with vice, Sun Quan, Sun Hao) and were linked to the fall. Other charges listed against Emperor's for the dynastic falls often of listening to the wrong people and general indulgence and vice. Modern historians may argue some of that was slander, some of it was overblown criticism and rather attribute issues to, say, tax policy, unbalanced power dynamics, events beyond their control.

However, falling to the wiles of a female allowed for several things. The ruler is uncontrolled in his desires and it doesn't have to be just with her but with spending and lavishness expenses, the ruler lacks the will of self-restraint. That the ruler is weak at heart, that he can't separate his home life from his duty, he can't control his household so how can he have controlled an Empire. The ruler losing focus on his real duties of rulership, the ruler listening to the advice of a woman rather than his gentry advisers (who are thus not to blame) with whom he should have listened. The ruler has subverted heaven's natural order by giving such free reign to a woman, that the correct balance between Yin and Yang was out of balance.

Such falls served as a lesson for current and future rulers, be restrained, do not give in too much to your desires, listen to your gentry rather than any other figures, obey the natural order of things. Don't give too much power to the women or to their families, even if they were of sufficient background to be acceptable. If a ruler was too interested in his harem or a woman was too powerful then you could use the examples of the past.

If the last ruler wasn't obsessed with a concubine and you really disliked him, you could just borrow stories of the past and use it as seems to have happened with the last ruler of Wu Sun Hao, wit and accused brutal tyrant. If the tale wasn't good enough, like Daji the consort of Zhou the last King of Shang, then in your biography of women, change it to make it worse like Liu Xiang having her laugh during the heated pole punishment and switching who wanted to see Bi Gan's heart to her rather then the Emperor. Or Wei officer Zhan Qian, seeking to object to Cao Pi's choice of Empress in Guo, that Zhou burnt people alive to amuse her.

As mentioned by u/huianxin the novel romance of the three kingdoms also played into that. The comparing and contrasting between Liu Bei, who shrugs off the loss of family for more important matters of state, with Lu Bu who commits an act of unfilial treachery due to the wiles of a woman and ignores his wise councillor Chen Gong due to the emotional appeals of his women. Or in the battle of Wan, concentrates on the issue with Cao Cao sleeping with Zhang Xiu's widowed aunt and makes it the main reason for the revolt that cost Cao Cao his eldest son, nephew and bodyguard.

Empress and Consorts by Robert Cutter and William Cromwell has a good section in chapter 3 on how Han writers sought to assert the primacy of males and altered tales.