There's always more to be said, but in the meantime you can find answers about how the Quebecois were able to preserve their language and culture after the fall of New France in this thread by u/enygma9753.

Anti-Catholic discrimination was built into English laws since the Reformation and these biases remained soon after the capitulation of French forces at Quebec (1759) and Montreal (1760). Catholics were barred from the highest offices in the now British province of Quebec. They could not run for public office or vote. The British deeply mistrusted the Jesuit order, who had proselytized in Canada among the native peoples for some 150 years, and would suppress the order for decades. Britain, while still at war with France in the Maritimes in the 1750's, deported the entire Acadian population (who were actively resisting the British in the conflict) and vacated the lands for Protestant settlement.

The British merchant classes and New England settlers on the frontier had hoped, even expected, that the resident Quebecois (Canadiens, or habitants, as they were called at the time) would receive similar treatment. The merchants hoped to recreate a Protestant Ascendancy in Quebec, where the local gentry would be replaced by English Protestant elites and French-Catholics relegated to second-class citizens.

This fate didn't befall French Canada in large part because British authorities opted to win hearts and minds. While the French were indeed outnumbered when the Thirteen Colonies are included (20 British for every 1 French), in Quebec itself, the French were the majority -- some 70-80,000 by the end of the Seven Years War. While British authorities wanted overwhelming English Protestant settlement to one day supplant the local population and assimilate them into British culture, they soon realized that they had a large population of French Catholic subjects -- accustomed to alien laws and landholding practices -- who could potentially rise up in rebellion if mistreated. The expected mass immigration of American colonists also didn't materialize: the settlers saw the Canadian climate and lands to be much harsher and wanted to move west, not north.

The military (and later) civil governor of Quebec, James Murray, found working in cooperation with the Quebec seigneurial elites and local Catholic hierarchy to be more effective in placating the local populace. He eased several anti-Catholic and language restrictions and permitted continuation of Quebec's civil code and aspects of the seigneurial system. These accommodations, and Murray's refusal to permit a New England-style assembly in Quebec, annoyed the British merchants who felt entitled to their preferential "rights as Englishman". They felt alienated -- Murray didn't like them either -- and they complained to London. Murray was eventually recalled to Britain in 1766, but his successor Guy Carleton continued this policy of accommodation and tolerance. These civil liberites were later guaranteed under British law in the 1774 Quebec Act.

This ensured the survival of the Quebecois culture and faith as well as their acceptance of, if not loyalty to, British rule when the Thirteen Colonies rose up in rebellion.