Hello there! Dutch historian of political culture and national identity from NL here. This is a great and bloody difficult question to answer in full, but I'm going to try my hand at it.

Before I get into the actual answer; the fire department of Amsterdam and its issues are still a current affair, so I can't go into too much depth about that here given the contribution guidelines. If you want to talk about though it I'm happy to run you through it, so just shoot me a message!

The political culture of white supremacy - and later also white nationalism - in the Netherlands is an interesting one, as it has been a stable undercurrent in our overall political culture when compared to some of our neighbours. In that it unfortunately is a thick and multi-threaded rope when it comes to its origins, so to say. I will try to go into the main roots of it. Firstly I will shed some light on its origins in the colonial history of NL, secondly I will discuss the 19th- early 20th centuries, and finally I will try elucidate something more about the 20th century in the postwar up until about the end of the millennium. My specialty is 19th-20th century history, so especially the first section ought to be taken with a grain of salt. I must moreover remark that my specialty specifically pertains to social history, and I will have a bit of a labour-focused lens.

SECTION I - COLONIAL TIMES, GOODS, LABOUR AND BASIC RACISM The Dutch acquired a series of colonies in various places in the world. Most well known are the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), The Dutch Carribean islands, and Surinam. These colonies remained part of the 'empire' until quite late in the 20th century (1949, 2011ish, and 1975 respectively). We'll talk about them more later. Besides these colonies the Netherlands also attempted to hold land in Brazil, Ghana, and South Africa. Brazil was a brief endeavour during the 17th century which ended in 1654 when Portugal declared independence from Spain and took all possessions in Brazil. In Ghana a slave trading harbour was held from 1612 named Fort Elmina; it was part of a deal with the British and taken by them in 1872. In South Africa the Cape Colony was the Dutch' only true settler colony from 1652 to 1806 when the British captured it as part of the Napoleonic Wars. These South American and African colonies were all fairly typical triangle-trade endeavours. Slavery was widespread and considered in line with protestant morals to some degree. Economically they were developed to be agricultural powerhouses, and favoured exports were luxury goods and cash crops, of course all second to slavetrade. Much of the wealth of the Dutch Golden Century was created through these endeavours; through the ruthlessly efficient exploitation of fellow human beings they viewed as being below them. Throughout the latter 17th century, the 18th century, and the first decade of the 19th century this became the main - economic vs. moral - thread of the rope.

SECTION II - IMPERIALISM, LABOUR AND RACISM, AGAIN, BUT WORSE Following the Napoleonic Wars and the onset of the Industrial Revolution, NL was completely outcompeted by all her much larger neighbours. The UK, France, and the German states had vastly larger populations, mineral resources such as coal and iron, had diversified economies, and/or had significantly expanded their areal of agricultural land, or even a combination of these factors. NL meanwhile had lost the Cape Colony and Belgium from 1839, much of its trade acumen due to the war at sea, had a primarily agricultural economy, and hadn't started anything towards the Industrial Revolution. Combined with its Metropolitan population of only 2 million soul it was a veritable David among Goliaths. The middle of the 19th century up until the 1870s was spent rapidly expanding colonial infrastructure in Indonesia (parts in posession since about 1600-1602) and developing its plantations (consumer goods, foodstuffs, fertilisers, cotton, etc.) to compete financially at the very least. This went hand in hand with various form of slavery, indentured servitude, social exploitation, and political caballing. By the 1870s Indonesia was extremely productive, and also held significant unexploited mineral resources, oil and gold included. In the late 19th century many labourers were also shipped from the Dutch East Indies to Surinam, where they were indentured servants or workers on the plantations there. The colonial boom and the final emergence of the Industrial revolution in NL during 1870-1900 made for significant creation of wealth and concentrated considerable economic power with a very lean colonial elite. When the industrialisation of the nation was met with growing social unrest and union action, the response in Metropolitan NL was heavy, and both Church and State did not shy away from extortion or even outright violence. In many ways I think the attitudes were fairly comparable to British imperialist sentiment in its relations with work in society and the working class. Through moralism, and the Dutch version of 'God, King, and Country' the human cost of wealth, welfare, and war in Indonesia and the Caribbean was deemed acceptable and sustainable. The general view on those of colour - be they American, Asian or African - remained unflinchingly supremacist until the 1870s, when the anti-imperialist, leftist, and Christian utopists started challenging some of the horrible practices in the colonies. As an increasing amount of intermarriages throughout the era of colonisation had borne a class of mixed-race bureaucrats especially in Indonesia, the state was forced to accept and execute legislation that helped workers' rights, give mixed-race individuals a legal position, and also start on the legal position of 'colonials'. This came to a head around the 1910s when increasing revolutionary sentiment and the Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War shifted the racial perspective of white supremacy and to a degree managed to challenge it. Given Dutch neutrality in WWI, no emancipatory movements came out of the military contributions of the colonial populations such as in France of the UK. Vice versa, no real excess were perpetrated in the name of white supremacy in the vein of the Herero-Namaqua genocide that was perpetrated by the German Empire.

SECTION III - WAR IS HELL, AND SO IS PEACE ACCORDING TO WHITE NATIONALISTS Just before WWII many men deemed to be 'promotable' (to use an anglified version of the French 'eleve') were engaged in the growing bureaucracy of the Indies, and made by 1941 for a good middle class worth only 2% or so of the population, below a 0.5% or so of white elites on a population of over 80 million by that time. Several generations of white settlers in Indonesia also had a close kinship with the Netherlands, but even more so with this middle class. Within Dutch culture - especially literature - the first 3 decades of the 20th century were remarkably influenced by the elite culture of the Indies. Even so, it perpetuated a white supremacist view of colonial peoples, and subconsciously reinforced many of the racist stereotypes that enforced white supremacy on society. Simultaneously the Left had fully embraced calls for independence from Indonesian political organisations, and stirred up anticolonial sentiment already in the 1920s. The State however was having its own problems with labour surpluses at home, no money because of the 1929 Wall Street Crash, and the debts made to keep the economy running during WWI. Up until WWI the colonial empire ran as any other, but with growing movement between colony and metropole, increasingly for labour reasons, creating increasing disparity in wealth across the oceans.

The War devastated the metropolitan Netherlands as well as the Indies. The moral intenability of any form of racial suprematism was recognized across the political flanks, even though the left had quite definitely introduced it and kept it going initially. However, as the war ended in the West, the war in the East was not over, not by a long stretch for the Dutch. From August 1945 the Indonesians had proclaimed the Republik and challenged Dutch authority. In response the war torn metropole promptly sent 200 000 soldiers (majority conscripts, majority poor) with cheaply bought equipment that the Allies had left behind after May 1945. From 1945 to 1949 a bloody guerilla war was fought and lost by the Dutch against the Indonesians. When the colonial elite was expelled, many Dutch-loyal Indonesians (especially from the Moluccas) were also forced out of the country, and came to NL. Although sizable groups of 'non-white' peoples had lived in the Netherlands throughout the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries - including Jews, Roma and Sinti, Chinese, Indonesians, and Turks and Arabs - they were never completely transplanted from their origins in the way the Moluccans were. As such the Moluccan community started of in a terrible positions. As housing shortages ran high, the Moluccans during the 1950s were forcibly quartered in former prison- or concentration camps, and were several steps behind on the labour market, in healthcare, and virtually every social foot. The resonant elements of racism towards people of colour had not dissipated with Nazism's terrors either; the pillarization of society added another dimension to this. The second generation of Moluccans, not suprisingly, developed issues with the Dutch and the Indonesian states, and on occassion used violence to make a point about this.

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