I've read college was almost exclusively for creating clergy, doctors, and lawyers. How true is that statement?
What kind of classes would be taken?
Would enlightment philosophy be part of the curriculum or more of a counter culture like queer theory is today?
What would the legacy of medieval scholasticism be? Would it still be influential in the schools or would it have been in the education of the older teachers?
Since you’re specifically asking about colonial institutions (which I gather means North America) I can only answer for legal studies as I have done research on this topic but not general college education.
The first proper Law School was established in 1812 (Maryland). Harvard Law School - which is the oldest continuously in operation - was founded five years later. So colleges would not create lawyers. The English apprenticeship system was common (on which I’d love to learn more as it was out of scope of my work).
When Law Schools were founded they initially focused on methods from England though in the 1850s and onward I believe I could prove some influence by German law education. But this is beside your point.
The oldest colleges in NA were founded to educate and train priests. Harvard, Princeton and Yale were all established for this very purpose. Harvard medical school was founded in 1782 and is considered among the oldest of its kind in NA. Therefore the classes would be heavily focused on theology.
In Europe in the 18th Century the classic trivium (first part of study in the artes liberales) would still be common before (perhaps) continuing in theology, law or medicine (the three classic faculties).
For an example of how classes could have been in Harvard I found this nice resource: