As usual, the real answer is "we don't know what someone believed", as it's generally impossible to use sources to reliably assess one's beliefs.
Furthermore, the Church wasn't always monolithic (and it isn't now), and the Bible wasn't monolithic either - there are certain books that are considered non-canonical, such as Juda's Gospel, Gospel of Thomas, and much more, e.g. most of the Nag Hammadi findings. They are dated to various dates around 100AD-300AD, and probably were important enough at the moment as to be written (remember, writing was a very rare skill back then, and paper was not cheap). However, we can see them being considered non-canonical at the moment, and that's because they are Gnostic.
So, no, there probably wasn't really time in history, when the whole of the Church believed a single common thing (there were sects, cults, heresies and other things), there were monasteries and there were orders (as portrayed in fictional, but nevertheless good The Name Of The Rose) that had disputes.
What's more interesting and important (and maybe relevant to your question) is that on the early days of Church, there was a common idea retranslated everywhere about the best source of knowledge being Divine Revelation as opposed to human thinking (and the easily accessible Revelation is Bible, of course). A good example would be Tertullianus, and his "De Carne Christi", which made a point to show that there is no need to protect the faith, as faith itself is sufficient protection. However, as the Church grow bigger, disputes were more common, there were certain materialistic tensions on the Church (and its wordly possessions, Church was absurdly rich, and extremely powerful compared to this day), and more rigorous proofs appeared, such as Five Proofs by Thomas Aquinas, and then even Kant made a point of making a sixth one (while disproving the other five).
TL;DR: No, the Church as in "all believers" could never agree on a single thing, but early works consider Revelation to be the only source of knowledge, and Bible is The Revelation. Later, this trend lessened, and fully dropped dead around end of Renessaince at latest.