I wrote an answer to this several years back on how the bombings were depicted by the Japanese media (which was state-run) prior to surrender. (After Occupation, the media was run by the United States, and more or less censored discussions of the bombings, in an attempt to avoid fostering anti-American sentiment.)

This other response is a longer discussion of the complexity of the end of the war and different historians' arguments about it. The one thing I would address here is that there was no push "from within society," because the Japanese militarists had essentially eliminated what we would normally consider any kind of independent civil society (to oppose the war in any way was essentially impossible for everyday people). The interesting stuff are from people in the top cabinet, who had more options, and that is what the response linked above concerns.