This analysis from almost 10 years ago says it's actually the exact opposite:
https://www.counterpunch.org/2012/10/09/unemployment-and-marginal-tax-rates/
What we can say with absolute confidence, though, is that there is no evidence here that low tax rates are associated with low unemployment, and by extension, a healthy economy. Similarly, there is no evidence that high tax rates are associated with high unemployment, and by proxy a weak economy.
Similarly, when you look at just corporate tax rates, it's hard to see any kind of correlation:
https://corporatetax.procon.org/top-federal-corporate-income-tax-rates-vs-unemployment/
Neither of those imply that there's no effect on unemployment from taxes, only that it probably isn't the most significant effect.
You might also want to look at GDP as your measure instead of unemployment. This correlation shows again that GDP growth actually tends to be positively correlated with tax rate:
http://politicsthatwork.com/graphs/gdp-growth-vs-tax-rate
Forbes has a write up analysis of the same thing here:
So while I can't prove the negative the way you asked, the evidence seems to be that raising taxes has not had a dramatically negative impact on the economy, across several measures.