Gerald of Wales (c. 1146-1223) is infamous in Ireland for having reported the Irish as backwards and barbaric, which impacted and was used to justify English rule over Ireland. But do any other contemporaneously written works by others exist which refute Gerald’s damaging perspectives?

by KatsumotoKurier
J-Force

I think it would be helpful to put Gerald of Wales and his commentaries in a wider context. The short answer is "probably not", but it's worth exploring why.

Part 1 - The Life and Times of Gerald

Gerald of Wales is a weird writer. He found himself with one foot in many cultural worlds. He was from Wales and identified as Welsh, but had a lot of Norman ancestry and was educated in England and France. He was a nobleman born into a Cambro-Norman family, but was raised with the intention of having a career in the church. Gerald was very keen on this church career, and it was always his dream to become the Bishop of St. David and raise it to the status of an archbishopric like Canterbury, but he never achieved this. Although he did achieve many other respected positions, such as being a teacher at the University of Paris and one of the men at the forefront of the twelfth century renaissance, he never found it satisfying. As a result, he turned to politics and found reliable and satisfying work as a civil servant in King Henry II's government, though he was always seeking employment in the church on the side.

In his parallel careers as a churchman and a politician, Gerald was fascinated (and often extremely frustrated) by the relationship between ethnicity and politics. His Welshness was a significant impairment to his church career, but a significant boost to his political one, as he was often assigned as a sort of advisor on Welsh politics and non-English culture more generally. Most notably, he was put in charge of recruiting Welshmen for the Third Crusade and was an attaché to several military campaigns in Ireland. However, his status as half-Welsh and half-Norman meant he experienced xenophobia from both groups and this eventually reached a tipping point when Gerald was accused of attempting to create a Welsh insurrection after his bid to become Bishop of St. David failed; a failure he blamed on his Welshness. He also sent off a letter to Pope Innocent III (because when you're imploding your career, why not?), in which Gerald complained that:

"I am sprung from the Princes of Wales and the Barons of the Marches, and when I see injustice in either race I hate it"

He resigned his position as an abbot in protest, and went into a state of semi-retirement in Lincoln where he continued to read and write about politics and produced new editions of his ethnographic works on Wales and Ireland, as well as nursing a deep hatred of English people, Norman people, and Welsh people. When the French attempted to invade England in 1217, Gerald was delighted. He seems to have spent the last decade of his life surrounded by his books, revising his work and promoting it by recreating ancient Greek book readings. He would energetically promote his work by doing several readings to different assembled groups; usually one reading to the intelligentsia, another to the knights and citizens, and another to the students and poor. Gerald was very full of himself; a true medieval auteur who saw himself as the modern equivalent of so many great ancient writers.

I say this because, as a man who knew all too well the power and trouble of xenophobia, Gerald is an unlikely source of xenophobic tirades. But obviously, that didn't stop him. So why did he write all this stuff about the Irish, and why did it strike a chord with the medieval public? After all, Topography of Ireland was an immensely popular piece of work. Apparently, even Pope Innocent III had a copy as bedside reading.