Suffrage in New Zealand

by Ok_Style_3372

In the UK (where I live) we learn about the Suffragettes and their various methods of obtaining the vote. Some pursued civil disobedience, some petitioned and some were violent. In New Zealand (where women got the vote 30 years earlier) I can only find reference to petitions. Were there any more radical suffragettes in New Zealand? If so, who?

Shana-Light

In short, no, the New Zealand suffrage campaign was by and large peaceful.

The New Zealand campaign was directly inspired and driven by the British one, and especially prominent British politican John Stuart Mill. Mill wrote directly to activist Mary Müller in 1870, congratulating her on the progress first-wave feminism had made in NZ, and many prominent figures were swayed over to the cause by reading Mill's work "On the subjection of women", such as Sir Robert Stout who would later in 1884 become Premier of New Zealand.

Fortunately, at the time in New Zealand the political landscape was relatively liberal, and the suffrage campaign led by Mary Müller made relatively swift progress at first, with women ratepayers' right to vote in municipal elections granted in just 1875. So the feeling at the time was there was no need for radical action, simply continuing the peaceful activism would lead to swift change. And indeed in 1878 Robert Stout would introduce an Electoral Bill that included the right to vote for women ratepayers. This bill would fail for reasons completely unrelated to this clause, but successive attempts in 1879-1881 also failed to gather enough votes in Parliament.

The cause would be taken up again due to the efforts of the American-based Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), which started a branch in NZ that found an extremely successful and dedicated leader in Kate Sheppard (who would later feature on the $10 bill for her contributions to women's rights). The WCTU would campaign not just for suffrage but also against alcohol, which was blamed for perceived disorder and immorality in society (and it is this same campaign in America that would later lead to Prohibition). This would mean that suffrage would be heavily opposed by the powerful liquor lobby in NZ, which perceived it as a temperance plot.

The campaigning by the WCTU included distributing pamphlets and petitions, and writing letters to the press and politicans, mimicking the overseas suffrage groups they were inspired by, such as those in the UK. In 1887 Julius Vogel's Women's Suffrage Bill passed its second reading before it was defeated, and in 1890 John Hall presented both a Women's Franchise Bill and an amendment to the Electoral Bill, which were also narrowly failed.

Realising that more aggressive action was required, Kate Sheppard organised a series of huge petitions - the 1893 petition gathered about 32,000 votes, almost a quarter of the adult European female population of New Zealand at the time. This motivated the rise in anti-suffrage campaigns, led in part by the liquor industry which was worried they would vote in mass for prohibition. It also encouraged the Maori women's suffrage campaign, which was not affiliated with the WCTU.

It seems clear that around this time public sentiment was in favor of women's suffrage - In 1891 and 1892 the House of Representatives (the Lower House) passed electoral bills that would have granted them the vote, and only the Legislative Council (the Upper House) were blocking them. Richard Seddon, who became the Premier in 1893 with the death of his predecessor John Ballance, was famously very against women's suffrage, and made multiple attempts to sabotage the new bill in the Legislative Council, but this ironically would guarantee its success, as opposition politicians changed their vote in support of it to embarrass him.

So looking at the timeline, the period of time between the start of the suffrage movement in NZ and its success was relatively short compared to the UK, and there were allies of the campaign in the NZ parliament from very early on. Hence there was no perception for any need for radical action, since peaceful campaigning would be very successful.