About Toyotomi Hideyoshi

by _Chubby_lover

After he united Japan under his leadership and launched an attack over Korea to reach China, why he wasn't fully informed about the situation of his campaign?

I hear somewhere that his generals were afraid of him because he was becoming paranoic and some sort of mad tyrant.

But for the sake of the war and the invasion wasn't wiser to fully inform the situation rather than hide it? So better plans could be done, even more when Tokugawa Ieyasu was his right hand man.

Does Ieyasu acknowledge or was informed about the logistic problems and the lack of territory gain inside Korea, so he could advice Hideyoshi on how to deal with that situation?

Pardon for any grammar mistakes, english is not my native language.

ParallelPain

If you got your information from the Netflix documentary, you can read about what I thought of it here.

Lots of letters and records remain of people back and forth from Korea to inform Hideyoshi of the situation and relay his commands, and there's little to suggest that Hideyoshi was in the dark about the course of the war. Hideyoshi was very strict about his orders being carried out. Kuroda Yoshitaka for instance was heavily punished for returning to Japan without orders instead of carrying out orders from the front. Yoshitaka had returned to explain to Hideyoshi why they couldn't, but Hideyoshi wouldn't even see him. Even so, there's only one area that his generals partially but purposely misinformed Hideyoshi about, and that was during the 1593-1596 peace negotiations. The negotiations actually demonstrate that Hideyoshi knew very well the war wasn't going as well as he hoped, as Hideyoshi's demands show he had given up all hopes of conquering China, at least in the short term, as early as 1593. Given the surviving communications of the negotiatoin and Hideyoshi's war plans of 1597, Hideyoshi must have also known that the Japanese had retreated to the southern half of Korea in 1593, and then to the southeast afterwards. Hideyoshi's terms in 1593 were broadly:

  • Ming princess to wed Japanese emperor.
  • Resuming Japan-Ming official trade.
  • Exchange of vows between Ming China and Japan confirming diplomatic relations.
  • A Korean prince as hostage.
  • A vow of repentance from Korea.
  • Northern half of Korea and the capital to be offered to the king of Korea.
  • Korean royal captives, Prince Imhae and Prince Sunhwa, to be returned.

The problem was that both China and Japan purposely excluded Korea from the peace negotiations of their own country and that negotiators on both sides were so desperate to sign a peace that they went so far as to deceive their own government, because in this case despite no longer aiming on conquering China, Hideyoshi's requests were still extremely unreasonable. Note that in the above demands Hideyoshi was talking as if he owned Korea and the Korean king would be offered a portion as part of the peace. The chief Japanese negotiator, Konishi Yukinaga, might have thought he could convince Hideyoshi after the fact that what he got was essentially what he demanded (and except for a couple of crucial points he might've been right), while the chief Chinese negotiator, Shen Weijing, made it seem like all Hideyoshi wanted was diplomatic recognition. The Korean court obviously had no intention to send a prince as a hostage, and probably wouldn't agree to giving up half their country either, especially when the Japanese didn't hold half of the country.

The end result was that the peace deal agreed was, essentially, diplomatic recognition by the Ming of Hideyoshi as "King of Japan" plus appropriate ranks for the other daimyƍ in return for complete withdrawal from Korea. This was completely different from Hideyoshi's demands. Some of them could be written off. In 1595, Hideyoshi seem to have given up thought of a royal wedding, and he already returned the princes. Ming recognized Hideyoshi as "King of Korea" in the same way they did Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, but they would not allow official trade in the form of tribute missions. It's likely though this wasn't much of a sticking point, as the seal given by the Ming to Hideyoshi could be used to certify private trade, which was probably all Hideyoshi really wanted. Korean sources also suggest Hideyoshi was in fact notified (and implicitly agreed to) accepting recognition as King by the Ming Emperor which would make him a Ming vassal in name (which, again, implies Hideyoshi was informed of a lot of the peace negotiation, even if not the entire thing). However Hideyoshi very much demanded Ming recognize his possession of the southern half of Korea, despite that Japanese troops only controlled the southeastern province by then. Korean and Jesuit sources recorded that Hideyoshi was especially angry at being asked to completely withdraw. Meanwhile Japanese negotiators had mislead the Koreans to just send an embassy, since they weren't going to send a prince, and Korean and Japanese sources both notes about the Koreans not sending a prince pissing off Hideyoshi, who refused to meet the Korean embassy altogether. A furious Hideyoshi ended the negotiations and resumed the war.

For his part in misleading the Ming court about Hideyoshi's intentions, Shen Wijing was executed. Konishi Yukinaga went on to lead part of the vanguard of the second campaign (again), so even if he did deceive Hideyoshi, it was only to the extent that he could put the blame on the Chinese and Koreans.