This was the position of the Ottoman government in the postwar period and presented at the Conference of Sèvres (the equivalent post-war conference to Versailles regarding the fate of the Ottoman Empire).

It's important to understand what's mean by partition of Ottoman territory, which is reflected on this map; in short, what is now the Republic of Turkey would have been hacked up into small pieces, of which only a mostly landlocked portion in the center/north of Anatolia would be "Turkey," with mostly mountainous coastline along the Black Sea. The Aegean coast was awarded to Greece, the Mediterranean to Italy, the part along what is now Syrian border to France, and the east of the country was to become an independent Armenian state, which was originally intended to be an American mandate, but the U.S. did not sign the treaty. The passageway along the Bosphorus, Dardanelles, and the city of Istanbul were all to become an international zone under the leadership of the League of Nations.

To clarify: partitioning Ottoman Territory does not refer to the separation of the greater Middle East or the Balkans--the territories the Ottomans held in the 19th century; the Ottomans were forced to renounce claims to territories that had either declared independence (or became European mandates), and the renunciation of territories outside of Anatolia and Thrace (the small part of Turkey in Europe) was upheld by the government of the Republic of Turkey that succeeded it. The Turkish government later claimed that they did not renounce their claim to Cyprus (which was a British protectorate at the time of the treaty of Sèvres) at the time of Cypriot independence in 1960, but that's a whole other issue.

The partition never actually happened. The plans that were ratified at Sèvres had been developed by the Allies well before the war ended -- Greece had resisted joining the war effort until fairly late (1917), and joined only when they were promised that the territory they were awarded at Sevres would become theirs. Ahead of the conference, Greece landed troops in Anatolia in 1919.

The problem is that the Ottomans were de facto no longer in control of Turkey when the negotiations at Sèvres happened. Under other circumstances, there might have been a civil war if some factions of the military had remained loyal to the Ottoman government. However, the Turkish nationalists, under Mustafa Kemal (later Atatürk) had the loyalty of the military. When it became clear that the Ottomans did not have serious intentions to prevent the partition, the nationalists split with the Ottoman government in Istanbul, and set up a parallel government in Ankara.

The nationalists, under Kemal, launched a military counterattack against the Greeks in what is referred to in Turkey as the War of Independence, and elsewhere as the Greco-Turkish war of 1919-21. The nationalists also refused to accept the terms imposed at Sèvres and, in fact, stripped the representatives of the Ottoman government that had signed the treaty of their citizenship.

The other major front was in the east against Soviet-backed Armenian forces; eventually the territory intended for an Armenian state wound up being partitioned between Turkey and the Soviet Union, who formed an Armenian state under their own auspices (this being the current Republic of Armenia). There was only limited fighting on the other fronts -- France was dealing with open rebellion in Syria, and was not in a position to militarily defend its claim in Anatolia; Italy never tried to claim the territory it had been awarded.

Once the nationalists had control over the territory they claimed, the Republic of Turkey was declared and the Ottoman state abolished -- the last sultan was sent into exile in late 1922. Ataturk was able to renegotiate with the Allies at Lausanne, cancelling the Treaty of Sèvres, and gaining international recognition for the Republic as the legitimate government of the Turkish people, with guaranteed borders as they are today (with the exception of the province of Iskenderun, which voted to leave Syria and join Turkey in 1930).