Yes, actually!

The fine details change from era to era but in the broad strokes along side the samurai class you have women who were either their wives or servants who were considered Onna-musha (lit: Woman Samurai). They had two core responsibilities- the safety and security of their husband / lord's domain while he was unable to perform that task himself (illness, physical inability, or because he was off at war) and also, potentially protecting him directly. As one example, the Tale of the Heike (so, a book written in the 14th century to describe a civil war in the 12th) describes Tomoe Gozen, a servant of Minamoto no Yoshinaka. She went with him on campaign during the civil war within the Minamoto clan. Although the exact historicity of Tomoe Gozen is poorly understood- she may just be a King Arthur style character that's either an amalgamation of other people smushed into a singular ideal or she may just be a piece of folk lore- the person is invoked frequently in plays, politics, writing and other cultural bits.

That particular concept art is most likely- based on her appearance and the timing- referencing Nakano Takeko. Although Nakano Takeko would have been a child when Perry showed up with his ironclads, and she live in the Aizu domain, which is north and a bit east of modern day Tokyo. Given that this event happened prior to the Meiji restoration (when swords were effectively banned after the end of the han system in 1876) she would have been allowed to carry a sword- even if she were a peasant! Although they could rarely ever afford it, civilians could still carry weapons at that time.

It's worth remembering that concept art is often used to sell an idea rather than being strictly accurate. The woman depicted could just as easily be some onna-musha. If I had to guess I'd assume the artist was being a bit smug and flexing on historical artists who broadly left women in the margins for that time period. Without looking at every single one of them, most art depicting Commodore Perry landing at Tokyo Bay is decidedly absent of any women.

Were Japanese women ever warriors? Yes. I gave some examples here.

Did Japanese women of the Edo period carry swords? The vast majority definately did not (though they might've carried a small knife for defense). The sword was a special weapon marking the status of the samurai (and those especially recognized for their service).

There might have been some sort of exception. A high Edo source mentions in passing that the three main Tokugawa branch houses, Kaga, Satsuma, Sendai, etc employed women armed with the sword to guard the lord's harem. In other words, they did guard duties where men were not allowed to go. This would be similar to samurai women trained in Naginata who were expected to participate in the defense of the home (see previous thread). There were also record of women well versed in the sword. For instance, around the time period of Perry, a young lady called Sana was famous in Edo. Her father and brother were head of one of Edo's famous kenjutsu schools, and she was known as especially proficient, and apparently the Uwajima Clan asked her to teach their women kenjutsu (meaning it wasn't especially weird for samurai women to want or expect to learn some swordsmanship, in line with their responsibility of home protection). One of the famous revolutionaries, Sakamoto Ryōma, who was a student at her father's school, describes her to his sister as rode horses often, incredibly strong with the sword, knows Naginata, and stronger than men.

Note however, both cases are very different as depicted in the art, dressed as a male samurai standing at an incredibly important diplomatic event right besides who must be important diplomats to be this close, and openly carrying a sword, and hanging on the right-side at that (even left-handed were taught to wear on the left and fight with the right). The art is definitely a no.