Where might I do some follow up reading?
I’m very aware that the medieval period spans several centuries, and “Europe” is a huge cultural/geographic area, but seeing the differences in answers due to precisely when and where will possibly be quite interesting.
I'm going to link to /u/DanKensington's link conglomeration here which links to a couple of my answers (Linkception!) about Early Medieval English healthcare, as well as some excellent other answers on the topic.