I would argue that capitalism has been the focus of the American experiment since even before the Revolution. One book on that part of the equation that I would highly recommend is T.H. Breen's The Marketplace of Revolution. It makes the argument that the very concept of American national identity bound different classes and ethnic groups together in solidarity because American colonists basically used consumerism as political protest.

After the Revolution, Alexander Hamilton's fiscal policies dominated the economic picture in America. They were specifically designed to create buy-in for the wealthiest people in the country so that they would support it. And those policies, as historians such as Max Edling and Mark Kaplanoff have argued in their article on Hamilton's fiscal reforms, were extremely effective. By the time Jefferson became president, he was pretty much stuck with nationalized debt and a country focused on merchants and entrepreneurs.

I wouldn't limit the discussion of capitalism in America to what we generally think of in terms of industry, either. The slave economy of the south was a major supplier to textile industries that formed the basis of the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the US. Edward E. Baptist's The Half Has Never Been Told is a bit controversial, but I think it does an excellent job of showing just how connected capitalism and slavery were on the US. One passage from the introduction is worth quoting:

"From 1783 at the end of the American Revolution to 1861, the number of slaves in the United States increased five times over, and all this expansion produced a powerful nation. For white enslavers were able to force enslaved African-American migrants to pick cotton faster and more efficiently than free people. Their practices rapidly transformed the southern states into the dominant force in the global cotton market, and cotton was the world’s most widely traded commodity at the time, as it was the key raw material during the first century of the industrial revolution. The returns from cotton monopoly powered the modernization of the rest of the American economy, and by the time of the Civil War, the United States had become the second nation to undergo large-scale industrialization. In fact, slavery’s expansion shaped every crucial aspect of the economy and politics of the new nation—not only increasing its power and size, but also, eventually, dividing US politics, differentiating regional identities and interests, and helping to make civil war possible." (Baptist, The Half Has Never Been Told, p. 13)

I could provide a few more examples, but my point here is that I don't think the US started out as a bunch of frontier farmers who only later became obsessed with capitalism; I think there have been forces in the US that were pushing it in that direction for its entire history. Of course, that's only my interpretation and historians are always arguing about these sorts of things, so make of it what you will.