These are very pretty.

The one on the top is clearly an illustration of how to use simple geometry to determine the height of an object. I can't see the text, but it is likely pointing out that if an observer walked out from the tower with something like a surveyor's transit at the height of f, when she can see the tip of the weathervane is at 45 degrees inclination from where she stands, the distance from that spot to the tower at the same height of f would equal the height. There are other methods using a transit to gauge heights of things.

The one below that is an illustration of diffraction, a prism splitting light into the different component colors.

Below that is a very common experiment to show the principle of action: reaction, called Newton's Cradle. It is only the Wikipedia entry, but you can see one in motion here

Below that is an illustration of leverage. As pulleys and gears are essentially levers, they're a part of it.

That's all I can do now. If no one has chimed in about the others, I'll try to get to them later.

Second batch.

The two below that, on optics, are not obvious to me. The one on top looks like it could be related to perspective drawing, the one below seems to be touching on penumbra, the way a spherical astronomical object casts shadows. And the ways it is illuminated by another spherical object.

The two below those deal with surveying, closely related to the top illustrations. Laying out a measured baseline, then using a transit to lay out triangles from that in order to map out an area. The second of the two shows how this method can be used for determining elevation.

The one below that, on mechanics, I just don't know.

The one below that obviously has to do with refraction and rainbows, splitting off parts of the color spectrum with prisms. But I can't tell more.

The one below that, Tab 12, show different microscopes., with different slides for specimens. Some of these are quite simple, pretty much just a mounted single lens, but it's often forgotten that Leeuwenhoek's initial discovery of microbes was done with something equally simple, coupled with very good illumination.

The one below that, mechanics, might have something to do with different classes of levers- the ratios of the different forces depending on the placement of the fulcrum.

Below that is an illustration of the problem of map projection- the problem of transferring a map image from a spherical earth to a flat page.

Below that, how convex and concave lenses bend light.

Below that, how telescopes work, both refractors and reflectors.

I think what you have here are not really experiments . They're illustrations of principles of physics and mechanics from scientific manuals or encyclopedias. When I can't say, but obviously after Newton.