So to start, you should be aware that this is a massive period of US history and there are many books that are written about events, people, trends, and politics of the period. But since it sounds like you're asking for a general overview, there are a couple of works I can recommend to get you started:

• Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 by Gordon S. Wood. It is part of the Oxford History of the United States series, which produces similarly extensive works covering the United States from just prior to the War for Independence to the early 21st century. You may want to start with Middlekauff's The Glorious Cause if you're interested in the articles of Confederation and Shays's Rebellion, however, as Cause covers the post-revolution period to 1789, where Empire of Liberty picks up.

• another option is Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrich's The Age of Federalism, which has been a touchstone of historiography of the period since it was written. It's a little less user friendly than Wood, in my opinion, but it's far from incomprehensible.

If you're interested in any particular events, I might be able to recommend more specific monographs, but those two (or three) will make for a good start.