What was life like for the lower/working classes in Nazi Germany? How did they fit into the Nazi vision for Germany?

by brazenhead93

In school, we learnt about workers in Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union, but not about workers in Nazi Germany

warneagle

As many people of working and middle-class origin noted after the war, life during most of the period of the Third Reich was quite normal. Detlev Peukert, who wrote a fantastic book on the "everyday history" (Alltagsgeschichte) of Nazi Germany (Volksgenossen und Gemeinschaftsfremde, translated into English as Inside Nazi Germany), argued that, for the most part, people who didn't fit into one of the categories persecuted by Nazi Germany were left alone. According to Peukert, the popular perception that the Nazis only stayed in power because of widespread terror and repression really isn't accurate. Most ordinary Germans weren't affected by the repressive apparatus of the Nazi state, and they were able to go about their lives relatively normally.

Many working class people benefited significantly from the Nazis' economic policies in the 1930s, which increased wages and decreased unemployment, with the caveat that it was heavily financed by deficit spending (and, of course, that the expansion of the military during this time was in violation of the Treaty of Versailles and the foreign policy situation was deteriorating). Many middle- and working-class people had access to leisure opportunities through the Strength Through Joy (Kraft durch Freude) program; these kinds of carrots made the repressive stick more tolerable, especially to the people who weren't directly affected by it. This was intended both to increase worker productivity and to create positive sentiment toward the Nazis, even among people who hadn't supported them before 1933. This was part of building the larger German "people's community" (Volksgemeinschaft) that the Nazis envisioned, once their purge of "undesirable" racial and social groups was complete.

As far as public support for Nazism and Nazi policy, there's a tendency in the popular imagination to think of Germans as facing a black-and-white choice of either fanatically supporting or boldly resisting the Nazis, but Peukert argues that this really isn't true, and that most Germans lived in a gray area, where they weren't necessarily supportive of the Nazi regime (and may have taken part in activities that were officially forbidden, such as listening to "degenerate music" or foreign radio broadcasts), but they weren't actively opposed to the regime either. It turns out that most people are non-ideological and quite adaptable to their circumstances, so they're able to get along just fine even in a totalitarian state as long as that state isn't directing its repression toward them.

Of course, many ordinary Germans were either conscripted into the Wehrmacht or had family members who were, which created its own issues, and even non-military families eventually started to deal with the privations of war in the later years of the Third Reich. Peukert argued that Hitler's public persona, what he called the "Hitler Myth", of a wise, infallible Führer, was essential to maintaining public support for the Nazi regime, since he was absolved of blame for the deprivations they experienced as the result of his foreign policy decision, at least to an extent. Notably, Peukert wrote about the resistance movements to the Nazis as well (including a deep study of socialist miners in the Ruhr region), but noted that they pretty much all ended in failure. While ordinary people may not have held explicitly racist or antisemitic attitudes themselves, there was certainly a base level of what Peukert called "everyday racism" that allowed people to ignore the dehumanization and eventual imprisonment and extermination of racial minorities.

Peukert was apparently working on a larger Alltagsgeschichte of northern Germany in the late 1980s to complement the work that Martin Broszat had done on Bavaria in the 1970s, but unfortunately, he died in 1990 without completing it. Still, his work (and Broszat's before it) were highly influential for subsequent social histories of Nazi Germany, and I'd highly recommend you check it out, since it's been translated into English.

The main source for this was (obviously) Detlev Peukert's Volksgenossen und Gemeinschaftsfremde: Anpassung, Ausmerze und Aufbegehren unter dem Nationalsozialismus (Bund Verlag, 1982), translated into English as Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition, and Racism in Everyday Life (Yale UP, 1987).