While we wait for potential answers, you may be interested in these previous related questions I participated in.

Why is Buddhism so popular in East Asia?

Why did Buddhism die in India but thrive in neighbouring Sri Lanka?

Admittedly not my best work, but it is still relevant. In addition, I will add that Hinduism, if that's even the accurate term given the historical Vedic/Brahmanist Indian religions, did have presence in China, such as along the Central Asia silk road routes in northern China, notably Dunhuang, or the maritime silk road ports along Eastern and Southern China, notably Quanzhou. Quite a number of traders would have come from the Indian subcontinent, and in the diverse and multicultural state of the Tang Dynasty, thrived many communities.

So why was "Hinduism" not adopted by the Chinese, while Buddhism was? That's a complicated answer that I can't really provide. Drawing from my knowledge as described in the previous linked threads, Buddhism was readily adopted by Central Asia societies, and then by nomadic groups that would come to rule over China. Buddhism as a foreign religion saw considerable challenges against the established and organized religions of China, such as Confucianism, Daoism, or other folk/ancestral worship customs. Being that Buddhism was precisely foreign however meant that foreign "barbarian invaders", or non-Han Chinese rulers, could use the sophisticated foreign religion to legitimize and establish their own authority and grandeur on the local Chinese. We know that Hinduism spread across Southeast Asia, and many aspects of Indian/Dharmic religions synthesized with Buddhism, such as with certain gods/deities (Twenty-Four Protective Deities). I have little knowledge on Indian-Southeast Asian historical relations, so cannot comment on how the religion spread there. I will only assert that Buddhism enjoyed considerable patronage by early Indian, Greek, and Central Asian rulers, which helped to maintain the religion as it moved eastwards. With rigorous and creative missionary work, sophisticated philosophy for intellectuals, political legitimacy for rulers, and appealing characteristics for the popular masses, Buddhism was able to establish a firm footing in China and beyond.