In an era before recorded music, the only way a person could hear music was live performance. There are three very broad categories to consider: music performed by professionals, music performed by amateurs, and church music.

Professional music performance could range from high art music performed by virtuoso musicians to popular songs played by an individual in taverns. Theatrical music, revues, and minstrelsy were also ways that people could experience music. Symphonic societies in major cities developed into many of the symphony orchestras that Americans still enjoy today. The New York Philharmonic (at the time called the Philharmonic Society of New York) was founded in 1842. Musicians would also embark on nation- and worldwide tours. Jenny Lind toured the US in the 1850s, beginning with shows in New York City and visiting many other major and minor American cities. Residents of these cities who had the means had many opportunities to enjoy live music.

Those without the means to attend live performances or did not live in an area that could support live performances would still have opportunities to hear music - they just had to make it themselves. Sheet music no longer had to be imported from Europe, since by the 19th century, publishing houses were founded in several American cities. Popular music, orchestral transcriptions, and art music were available for purchase and could be performed by anyone with access to an instrument (typically a piano) and the skill to play it. One might also play an instrument or sing - making music for entertainment is part of many cultures.

Hymnody in American churches varied based on the denomination and that church’s beliefs on music in the church. Some denominations believed in only vocal music, others permitted instrumental accompaniment. Congregational singing reinforced the teachings of the church, acted as a form of musical instruction (reading music and singing parts), and provided parishioners the enjoyment of making and hearing music. The 19th century was the height of the Great Awakening, and music was certainly a draw for the many new religious sects developing across America.