Nowadays we refer to others as Mr. or Ms. last name. How did Medieval English commoners address each other or to their social superiors?

Was art always considered unapproachable to laypeople, or is was that a change that occurred in the 20th century? I'm thinking of the kind that makes certain people go "I hate modern "art"".

Edit: It might be clearer to ask whether those attitudes to contemporary art were always present or if they developed at some point.

Have saints ever been weaponized?

Since the catholic church holds the body parts of saints in such a high regard. And since the church also characterized it's wars and confilct in a religious light, did they ever make "holy weapons"? As in somehow incoperating the body parts of a saint (bones, blood ect) into a weapon or armor?

Is there an academic consensus on the quality of Dan Jones' work? I received "Powers and Thrones" as a gift but I'm curious about his reputation as a scholar since he mostly writes popular history rather than academic. Still, it's rather long so I don't want to invest a lot of time into it if its outdated or downright misleading.

Best books on Japan 1945 onwards?

What was the age of the average Japanese woman when she gave birth to her first child during the Taisho Era? Especially between 1912 to 1915?

What are some of the biggest historical coincidences?

Someone told me coincidences don’t exist and I need examples that aren’t hypothetical.

How wealthy was a Bantustan chief compared to an average White Afrikanner?

What are some good movies with accurate depictions of medieval battles?

Could Frederick Douglass swim?

When was the first unit of time used and what was it? Do we know who used the first unit of time, how long ago and what it was?

Were Americans always so disdainful to the federal government? Does respect and adherence to governing authority wax and wane to this severity in nations in general?

Why Europe didnt take over China?

I know they had made unffair deals with China, and they ruled a few cities like Hong Kong and Macau, but why they didnt took all of the territory, like they did with America, Africa and Oceania? I tried to search by myself but didnt found any good answers,

Did Julius Caesar capture the letter-chest of Cato and then destroy it without reading the contents?

I've heard this from a credible person but never encountered a reference to it. Very interested in this event if it is described in a primary or secondary source.

Do we have an estimate and time table for when the Norse settled in the Russian principalities and became the Kievan Rus and how long they kept speaking Old Norse?

Was it just a few warriors that integrated immediately into the Slavic population or did a few thousand (hundred thousand?) with women and children settle down the rivers and towns and integrated over several generations?

Is there any remnant of Old Norse in the Russian, Ukrainian, and other Slavic languages?

How many adult humans have ever lived?

I recently was thinking about the question "How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth? ", and found the current estimate on wikipedia is 100,000,000,000 (which comes from Carl Haub). However, it notes that this includes infant and stillborn deaths.
I'm less interested in that number. I want to know the number of humans that have had the chance to live life and have a lasting impact on the world around them. In other words, I'm interested in the total number of humans that have ever reached "adulthood", which I suppose requires defining a cutoff date, but I'd be happy with an answer for any threshold between 12 and 30 years old. But a graph with the x-axis being age and the y-axis being estimated number of people to ever reach that age would be the most complete answer to the question I'm interested in.
Does anything like that exist?
References:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population
https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/what-are-the-demographics-of-heaven/

Did the German people, politicians, educated, etc, view the period between 1806 and 1871 as another interregnum and the German Emperors as a continuation of the German Emperors of the HRE?

I've heard a story that Emperor Frederick wanted to have the regnal number "IV" but Bismarck talked him out of it so Frederick stuck with the III of the Prussian kings.

But I have a illustrated book from 1889 that details all the Holy Roman Emperors and Kings of Germany from Charlemagne to Wilhelm II

But that was right in the middle of the medieval romanticism/nationalism craze so I can't tell if it was a serious political-academic understanding that the line of German emperors continued after an interregnum OR if it's jingoism.

how many soviet soldiers took place in parades?

i love the stern "manly" and mean/strong faces they all have when marching in perfect unison

was everyone expected to march like that? or are we seeing like honours guard thing?

also im curious on % of total soldiers that took place in the biggest military marches, would that be the may day parade? end of ww2/defeat of nazi germany?

Would i be able to charge my cellphone in a regular CEE or so called "Schucko" socket anywhere in 1921? If not would there be any other easy way to do so? Thanks for any insight

When talking about historical animal slaughter, people often say "nothing was wasted". How thorough did this really get, and what are some interesting and non-obvious historical uses for animal parts?

For example, besides meat: organs were eaten, bones and hooves used for stock, skin for leather, blood for black pudding, intestines as sausage casing, etc. Are there any parts of animals that were always just discarded throughout history? And for ones that weren't, what are some uses that might be surprising to people now?

How did the Chinese word for noodles get romanized into "mein?"

Mian, myan (like nyan cat but with a m) or even just reversing the e and i to for mien seems to be a much closer approximation, what happened?

How were observation balloons utilized in warfare prior to the invention of the telegraph? Would ballooners yell down troop movements to people below them?

Are the pigeons that we have in cities descended from carrier pigeons that went feral after we started communicating in other ways?

When I look on Wikipedia for messenger pigeons they were bred from Rock Doves, and when I look at the entry for feral pigeons it says that they’re also a type of Rock Dove and “are descended from the domestic pigeons that have returned to the wild”, but it doesn’t elaborate on why they were domesticated.

I guess that messenger pigeons were probably fairly common in cities ever since they were first bred, right? And once other forms of long-distance communication were developed a number of them probably would have been abandoned, right? So are a significant proportion of modern feral pigeons around because of them?

With something like the association between humans and rats I feel like I have a fairly good layman’s grasp of the history - rats like grain, humans farm grain, match made in heaven. But I’ve got no similar confidence on the history of urban pigeons.

How can I read Emperor Hirohito’s post World War II memoir? (Also known as Showa Tenno Dokuhakuroku 昭和天皇独白録 or the Emperor’s monologue)

I cannot find it or an English Translation. It was supposedly published in the December 1990 Bungei Shunju magazine. Any help finding where I can read it would be appreciated.

What was daily life like for Ancient Persian nobility/'upper class' citizens? How much was done for them by slaves, and what were some things that they would do regularly for both recreational and productive purposes? Women especially. Researching for a story, and I'm finding it hard to get much info as we don't know heaps about Ancient Persia.

I ended up on a rabbit hole reading into the The Champawat Tiger and wondered if there are any other famous recorded animals with a high number of fatalities?

Is there evidence that Roman Aquilifers did or did not wear fur?

Did Nazi Germany hold sham elections like many other autocracies to legitimize their rule or did they not bother with elections at all?

Could anyone recommend books on the Romanovs and specifically their downfall and Rasputin’s involvement in that?

I would like to know why the US Navy 18in/48 cal Mk 1 was called the "18in/47 cal Mk A" instead of "18in/47 cal Mk 2" after they removed the 16in/56 cal Mk4 liner?

During Imjin Wars 1592-1598, was Busan's civil population kept alive?

Towards the end of imjin wars, they weren't discriminating between groups andwere straight up killing every korean on their path. So I'm justwondering if they killed entire populations of Busan/Ulsan/Jinju etc?

What is the oldest publicly traded company that could invest in today? I think it's because l'm in America, but when I type this search into Google seem to only get 2 categories of results:

1. Oldest publicly traded company on the NYSE (because only the NYSE matters, right?)
2. Oldest company in general (because no one cares about European stock exchanges that started in the 17th century, right?)

So l'm curious, are there any stocks from companies that went public in the the 17th or 18th century that are still trading today?

Don’t know if it's true… but maybe I’m misremembering, I remember of Attila ransacking the north Italy , specifically the po valley area, and at the time the fog was so dense that he couldn’t find the city that he intended to sack, in the end he gave up and razed Aquileia (or another city)

Can somebody correct me or if I misremembered? Can’t find anything on google. Maybe I'm mixing up with some other barbarians...?

Has the US ever held the largest population?

Simple question, but I don't think they ever have.

Edit. I figured as much, thanks!

Looking for sources on the history of naval ships, specifically after 1862 with the invention of the first ironclad ships, to the modern ships we know today

What is the correct “-ism” for people that worship the sun?

What's the most thorough example of a communist revolution? That is, one that changed a society in a long-lasting, permanent way

I’m looking for an example in history when an unpopular incumbent (e.g government, religion, company, other) tried to undermine the legitimacy of a challenger (e.g revolution, a reformation, a startup, other) by trying to align themselves very closely with it, herefore making the public see them as equivalent / both flawed. Anyone knows 1 situation? ;)

I have looked far and wide, but am unable to find the height of German WWII Fighter ace Erich Hartmann. Can someone please help me?

I'm looking for an intuitive understanding of how cold the German soldiers would have been in Russia in the winter of 1941. Something like: "it would be like being in -30*C weather in jeans, a t-shirt, sweatshirt and a leather jacket".

Anyone know of a good lecture by a (good) historian on Georgy Zhukov available on YouTube? The only ones I saw so far seemed mostly like propagandistic piece (You know stuff like Myth Busted! Zhukov wasn't the best general in WW2) or by YouTubers that don't really post their sources. People at r/badhistory recommended Stephen Kotkin lectures and now I'm kind of looking for more Soviet lectures to binge on.

I'm looking for a book recommendation that has a good overview of what started the first Indochina war, the end of colonialsim in SEA and the beginnings of the Indochina Communist Party. I'm more interested in the culture, people and politics than the specifics of military battles. If it spends some time specifically discussing the ICP in Cambodia after the war that would be a bonus.

When did the name "Stalwarts" for Roscoe Conkling's faction of the Republican Party become current? Was it before, during, or after the 1880 Convention?

Did Peter Francisco really carry a 1100 lbs cannon?

The Encyclopaedia Britannica says that the Moonlight Sonata got its name after a review from Ludwig Rellstab. Does anyone where I might be able to find this review? I would be interested in reading it. Also more generally, I'm not sure why the Wikipedia article for the sonata specifically says this happened in 1832 when I can't seem to find any other sources confirming this year. Any help greatly appreciated!

I'm looking for a comprehensive book (or quality online resources) about the history of The Walt Disney Company. What do you recommend? Also, what are the best biographies about Walt Disney himself?

Ive been interested in the tomb of Alexander the Great for a while, and Im curious...

Where do you think his tomb is located? What are your reasons for thinking so?

What was the position of the anglican church during the falklands war? Did they see it as a crusade against a papist/roman country? Or as a sort of Loyalist anglo racialist issue?(" Anglo saxons vs italian country")