A few effects, in no particular order.

-- He absolutely accelerated the rise of ethnic nationalism across Europe. He didn't create it, but he gave it a hard push. French nationalism caused strong reactions across Europe, particularly in Germany, but also as far away as Scandinavia and the Balkans.

-- He absolutely laid the foundations of a united Germany. Before Napoleon, there was the Holy Roman Empire and over 200 German states. After Napoleon, there was no HRE and only 39 German states. The HRE had made unification impossible, because it was a weak confederation that, for complex reasons, couldn't be made much stronger. Paradoxically, destroying it made a stronger German union possible, and indeed probably inevitable; the only question was how long it would take and who would do it.

-- He spread the concept of a modern Civil Code across Europe and beyond. A Civil Code is a unified body of law, particularly the laws dealing with family, property, business, and contracts. Before the 1700s, European legal systems were a ridiculous mess, and there was no unified code. In the 1700s, there were several attempts to produce such codes, most notably in Prussia. But Napoleon produced the Napoleonic Code, which (1) was pretty darn good (2) was pretty thorough, and (3) completely cut through the complicated mess of 700 years of feudal and early modern laws and regulations and traditions and procedures, demonstrating conclusively that you could do this and not only was it possible, it would work great.

Copycat version of the Napoleonic Code, and local civil codes inspired by the Napoleonic Code, spread all across the world. They're in use in something like a hundred different countries today, including most of Europe, the former USSR, Latin America, the Middle East and Africa.

-- The Napoleonic Code was generally pretty great, but it did go backwards in one big regard: it was very patriarchal, and rolled back many of the gains for women's rights that had been made under the various Revolutionary regimes of the 1790s. There's an alternate universe where Napoleon wasn't a guy from Corsica with pretty traditional ideas about gender roles, and where women's rights got a big head start. But that's not the universe we live in. Napoleon literally wrote second-class citizenship for women into his Code, and everybody copied it, and it remained the default for a long time.

-- By losing the battle of Trafalgar, Napoleon ensured that the British would eventually dominate the European colonial system of the 19th and early 20th century. To some extent that had been decided 45 years earlier, during the Seven Years War, but Trafalgar made it absolutely conclusive. Not something he wanted or intended, but definitely something he did.

-- Napoleon spread the ideals of the Enlightenment across Europe. Yeah, that sounds kind of weird, given that he was a dictator who set up a bunch of puppet states. But all his puppet states paid at least lip service to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, government policy based on reason instead of tradition, and the rights of the people to participate in their own government in at least some form. Even when Napoleon and his puppets were cynically violating those rights, they at least made sure that the entire world was aware of them.

There's no way to overstate the long-term impact of this. Napoleon dealt fatal blows to such ideas as the divine right of kings, royal autocracy, and the need for a strong and politically active Church as a core element of the political system. And he made it very difficult for Kings and other rulers to keep ignoring the political demands of the rising middle class, and he spread the idea of constitutional rule all over Europe. It didn't "take" everywhere right away -- many kingdoms resisted for decades -- but after Napoleon, it became very difficult for European monarchs outside Russia to justify autocratic rule.

Also, with regard to freedom of religion: the Revolution had granted equal citizenship to Protestants, Jews, and even atheists -- but Napoleon made it stick, and provided a template for civil citizenship that many others would copy in the years to come.

-- Napoleon spread the ideals of the Revolution across Europe. 1820, 1830, 1848, 1871, 1905, 1918... for a century after Napoleon, there wasn't a generation that didn't see one or more revolutions in a major European country. The underlying idea was that people should have some say in their government, and that if they didn't get it, they had the right to fight for it. This idea goes back at least as far as Locke, over a century earlier -- arguably it goes back to Cromwell and the Long Parliament -- but Napoleon made sure that the whole damn world got that message.

Remember, before Napoleon the various French Revolutionary regimes had been struggling to sustain themselves. After Napoleon, the French suddenly started kicking ass all over Europe. They repeatedly defeated Austria, pushed Russia back, crushed Prussia, humiliated one British expedition after another, and generally just ran roughshod over the continent. Yes, they lost Trafalgar, and eventually they lost everything... but after Napoleon, nobody could deny that a revolutionary regime could be successful. Ridiculously successful.

-- Napoleon revolutionized how Europeans made war. Logistics, artillery, the corps system, mass recruitment, military education... Napoleon made breakthroughs in all these areas, and everyone else copied him. Right through the American Civil War and into the late 1800s, everyone was studying Napoleon.

-- It's thanks to Napoleon that we can read Egyptian hieroglyphics. Also, Napoleonic scientists invented canned food. (Really. He offered a bounty to anyone who could preserve food indefinitely for the Army, and canning was invented to win it.) Napoleon is also responsible for the discovery of extracting sugar from sugar beets, so you can partially blame him for candy bars and Coca-Cola. Oh, and graphite in pencils -- that was Napoleonic too. Also, ambulances; they were invented by and for the Napoleonic military.

Phew. -- So, is this the sort of thing you're looking for?