Hi u/WeatherCleaner8149. Tom Holland (the author of books such as Rubicon, not the actor) has written a book specifically on the subject, titled "Dominion". I haven't read it (yet), despite being interested in it, so I can't actually recommend it, but... if you're looking for a single book about the role of Christianity in Western Civilization that is not written neither by an apologist (Holland is agnostic), or by a radical anti-theist, I just let you now this book exists and it is Dominion. On this sub there have been at least a couple question about the merit of Dominion, but unfortunately both the OPs and those who answered hadn't actually read the book, so the answers - in particular on the existence of pity and compassion in pagan Rome were "Stoics already said this", which is true ; but in the interviews I've seen/heard Holland says that in Dominion he explicitly talks about the influence of Stoicism and also other philosophies on Christianity. Anyway, this is just for your information. Now I'll suggest you some books I've actually read.
For the impact of Christianity on Western law, the most important works are those of Harold J. Berman and Brian Tierney.
Harold J. Berman is considered the founder of "law and religion" studies, and you could give a look at the books of the scholars who follows into his footsteps, like John Witte jr (editor with Frank Alexander of Christianity and Human Rights: An Introduction) and Michael J. Perry. Tierney was Catholic, but was by no means an apologist (like instead is e.g., Rodney Stark), and he even went into a quarrel with a cardinal when he harshly rejected the traditional historical teaching of the Church on the origins of papal infallibility, in his book on the same subject; so he wasn't afraid of following the historical evidences whenever they led. He was also a Haskins medal recipient (the highest award for American medievalists). So, if you come accross some statements in his works that seem too bold, take them with a grain of salt, but most of the theses he argued for are as far as I know generally accepted by the community of legal scholars. I know that natural law more or less a fictitious concept, but since this concept probably birthed human rights in the modern form, it's still important to understand it in legal history. You could also take a look at the sourcebook "Readings in Medieval Political Theory: 1100-1400", edited by Cary J. Nederman (an expert on John of Salisbury, Marsilio da Padova and Machiavelli) and Kate L. Forhan for some primary sources. Needless to say, some previous familiarity with Medieval philosophy in general would be useful (the book on the period in the History of Philosophy without any Gaps would do it). Nederman wrote in 1998 a somewhat mixed review of Tierney's Idea of Natural Rights, arguing that Tierney didn't succeed in showing that pre-1400 canonists and philosophers actually gave political overtones to the natural rights doctrines, with some exceptions that were ignored by Tierney (like John of Paris, William of Pagula and William of Milemete). John of Paris figures in the sourcebook mentioned above, while William of Pagula and William of Milemete remains unjustly obscure to this day and there is no major work on them that I know of. Despite Nederman's review, I still highly recommend Tierney's works.
For a later historical period, so Early Modern Europe, I'd recommend "The School of Salamanca" and "Early Economic Thought in Spain 1177-1740" by Marjorie Grice-Hutchinson, the greatest scholar of the economic and political thought of the School of Salamanca (the second work as the title suggests tries to put it into a larger context). For a related primary source, you may be interested in "Vitoria: Political Writings" edited by Anthony Pagden. Francisco de Victoria was by no means the only important thinker of the Salamanca school, but was one of those who had the greatest influences on more famous economists and jurists like Grotius, and even thinkers who indentified themselves as anti-catholic deists or atheists as late as the end of the eighteenth century. Francisco Suarez's philosophical works (especially the Disputationes Metaphysicae, a synthesis of Thomist and Scotist ideas), published everywhere in both Catholic and Protestant Europe in numerous editions for at least a century, seem as well to have exercised a great influence on various giants like Wolff or Leibiniz (the latter was certainly the most "scholastic" in his scientic and philosophical thought, among his Protestant contemporaries). Another excellent book on Salamancan thought, specifically in economics is "Faith And Liberty: The Economic Thought of the Late Scholastics" by Alejandro A. Chafuen. About two historical figures who are generally ackowledged to be the founders of modern political theories, I'd recommend "God, Locke, and Equality: Christians Foundations in Locke's Political Thought" by Jeremy Waldron and John Parkin's "Science, Religion and Politics in Restoration England: Richard Cumberland's De Legibus Naturae". Grotius' legal thought had also obvious theological underpinnings, but I can't think about any particular book on that. For the political ideas that arose in civil war England, a great many of which were also religious in nature, Christopher Hill's "The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas During The English Revolution" remains a classic.
As for Christianity and science, I'd recommend John Hedley Brooke's classic "Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives", Margaret J. Osler's "Reconfiguring the World: Nature, God, and Human Understanding from the Middle Ages to Early Modern Period", "When Science and Christianity Meet" edited by David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers. Medieval natural philosophy was influenced by religion less than one could expect: Edward Grant famously examined some 310 quaestiones by four famous medieval scientists and found out that 71% of such treatises didn't include even a hint of references to religion or God. It can be said with little doubt that Early Modern science was more influenced by religion than medieval one. Anyway, on the MAs, I suggest Grant's "God and Reason in the Middle Ages", which is a masterpiece. "Medieval Religion and Technology: collected essays" by Lynn White jr remains of considerable importance even after several decades. As an aside, White famously was the proponent of the thesis that while Christianity had pushed forward technological progress, was also at the root of our ecological crisis. After the studies of scholars like J. Donald Hughes, it is less tenable, since, as archeology shows, the industrial activities of ancient Greeks and Romans were no less aggressive against nature than those of Christian Europe (before the Industrial Revolution ofc). It's more reasonable to affirm that ecological crisis is a by-product of any imaginable technologically advanced society. Anyways, for Early Modern Europe, some very valuable books are Osler's "Divine Will and the Mechanical Philosophy: Gassendi and Descartes on Contingency and Necessity in the Created World", "The New Science and The Jesuits" edited by Mordechai Feingold, "The Sun in the Church" by John L. Heilbron;" and if you have access to JSTOR, the journal Osiris Vol.16 "Science in Theistic Context" contains several excellent essays. "The Fall of Man and the Foundations of Science" by Peter Harrison is an interesting revision of the Merton's thesis, and even if the main argument of the bbok is overstated, it shows the extent of the idea of a pre-lapsarian knowledge to be recovered in the minds of 17th century scientists. John Henry's "Knowledge is Power" focuses on Francis Bacon, who was certainly one of the most famous philosophers who upheld to such idea. Gary B. Ferngren's "Medicine and Religion" and "Medicine and Healthcare and Early Christianity" are excellent books on the relationship between medicine and religion.
Michael Burleigh's "Earthly Powers" and its sequel "Sacred Causes" are about politics and religion in the last three centuries.
For antisemitism, I'd suggest an overview like "A History of Judaism" by Martin D. Goodman, or the multi-volume series by Simon Schama, both excellent. I've not read any book who focusses on Christianity and homophoby, or sexuality in general, despite being an important issue, so I'am afraid you should ask someone else on this subject.
I am reading "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" by a German sociologist Max Weber at the moment. I'm not sure whether it is something you are looking for, but there are some interesting thoughts in it on why Protestant countries (USA, Germany, Scandinavian countries, ...) tend to be wealthier and more prosperous than their Catholic and Orthodox counterparts.