If you are referring to African chattel slavery, yes. Slave ownership was not universal, but among the so-called “Five Civilized Tribes” (the Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, and Seminole) a significant minority did hold slaves. Just as among the white population, slave ownership was most common among the wealthiest Native Americans; it was especially more common among mixed-race Natives, who would have adopted the practice from their white family. Indigenous southern societies did practice a native form of slavery, but it was markedly different from the Euro-American form of race-based chattel slavery that would come to dominate the south. (For instance, in 1835 8% of Cherokee families held slaves, and of these slaveholders 78% had white ancestry). Why did they abandon their old ways? To some extent, this new form of enslavement was adopted by some tribes as a way of adapting to white society; the hope was that this and other adaptations would prevent white settlers from taking their land. In addition, as Euro-American views of race took root among Native societies, it is likely that many would come to adopt and agree with concepts of racial superiority and inferiority, placing themselves above Africans. And lastly, we shouldn’t whitewash it: Native slaveowners also violently exploited their slaves’ labor to enrich themselves.

Among the Five Civilized Tribes, the degree to which slavery took root varied; among more traditional or isolated communities, slave ownership was minimal to nonexistent, and it is likely that what did occur was closer to traditional indigenous forms of bondage. (The Seminole are the best example of this). Many Native slaveowners, however, would have been little different from their contemporary wealthy white planters, with all the violence and brutality that entailed.

Among the other smaller tribes in the south, evidence is harder to come by. Some Catawba in South Carolina likely owned slaves towards the end of the antebellum era. Other tribes in the south pre-Civil War included the Caddo, Chitimacha, Houma, Tunica, Quapaw, Shawnee, Pamunkey, and other smaller tribes; I am not aware of black slave ownership among these tribes, but it is possible that a few may have. If they did, it never reached the level that it did among the Five Civilized Tribes. Native American groups that did not own slaves also were known to capture and return runaway slaves; other groups were active on the Underground Railroad in helping slaves escape. (This was even more common in the north; Anishinaabe groups in Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio served as crucial links to Canada). Many tribes also likely absorbed runaway slaves into their societies, as concepts like racial purity were far more prominent in white society than among indigenous peoples. Adoption of slaves and war captives as citizens was a major feature of pre-colonial indigenous slavery, and in the wake of massive demographic losses to disease the adoption of outsiders would have been of even greater importance. This was common among many northern groups, and in the south at least the Piscataway of Maryland and the Lumbee of North Carolina adopted many black people into their societies, and this was very likely the case elsewhere in the south.

I’m assuming you meant African chattel slavery, but I can also elaborate on indigenous forms of slavery if that’s what you meant.