The standard unit of measurement for large sums was in pounds, (compared to small sums where pence or shillings would often be used). There were a few different coins that might be used for this, depending on what they had and just how much it was.

In the Elizabethan period at the end of the century, the most valuable coin, and one of the physically largest coins, was the gold sovereign or fine sovereign, which was worth thirty pounds, or one pound ten shillings. Which is hundreds in modern money, something like three-hundred. More valuable than a hundred dollar bill. This would have been minted in smaller quantities and used for more important transactions among the wealthy like selling valuable land, buying very fine clothes or perhaps crown payments. Alternatively, in a similar vein the crown kept up a regular supply from the royal goldsmiths of gold plate to use as a gift at New Year's when they didn't have anything else more special, given it was expected for the monarch to give something to everyone. These were the equivalent were the equivalent of giving cash or gift cards at Christmas, except some of the gifts at New Year's 1588-89 ranged up to $20 pounds worth of plate, valued somewhere over three-thousand pounds in modern money.

Other valuable coins at the time included the pound coin, worth one pound or twenty shilling, the half pound very predictably worth about half that, the angel worth around six shilling and eight pence, and the crown around five shillings. It's worth remembering the fluctuations in value around this time, because the 16th century experienced record levels of inflation for the time. This is particularly true given Henry VIII also debased currency at one point to pay for military action in France, which was then reversed under Elizabeth I. So her angels appear to have been worth something like ten shillings. It's almost important on this point to note all calculations of the modern value of money are imprecise, it is almost impossible to make a definite and exact comparison.

We should also remember the scale of money at the time. Because the level of inflation was comparatively low to the modern day, and some of the coins were quite valuable in silver and/or gold content, few sums if any were in the millions. The crown debt (essentially national debt) Elizabeth I left was considered large but was only about three-hundred-and-sixty-five thousand pounds. But this was worth millions in modern money, at least fifty million. So the sums themselves, in the pounds of the time, would generally be much smaller. This can make it slightly counter-intuitive to read. You have to get used to sums always being more expensive than they first read.