The Humanure Handbook written by Joseph Jenkins is a very interesting read on human waste. He began writing the book as a master's thesis while attending Slippery Rock University's Master of Science in Sustainable Systems program in Pennsylvania in the early 90s. The first half of the book is a trip around the world, and through history examining the different methods peoples used to dispose (and reuse) of their poo. To be fair, this whole book has an agenda which is to teach you why, and how to compost your own waste into fertilizer, but the general history given about human waste management was all new and surprisingly very interesting to me. He talks about "night soil" in China, the beauty of modern sewage systems as well its terrible consequences, the link between human waste management and the discovery of germ theory, as well as fecal matter and the gut microbiome. The last thing I'll say is that this book is self published, and has a very "zine" kind of feel to it. It's like a collection of articles, it's very light, informative, and fun to read.

I enjoyed Donald Reid's Paris sewers and sewermen (1991). The first part of the book deals with the history of waste management in Paris, from the Middle Ages to the 19th century. It's centered on the sewer system but there's a lot of information about waste issues.

I can add some sources on Waste and waste disposal in Roman times, if you like to. Generally spoken, we know of a usually well planned sewer system in Roman Cities. In contrast to our modern variants, these were combined with the removal of rain, and were constantly flushed at least a litte, because fresh water would come out of coomon wells throughout the city, and those were constructed to overflow and sweep debris into the sewers. From the city of Pompeji destroyed by the volcano Vesuv in antiquity, we know they didn't have a sewer system and tool advantage of a slight hill the city was located upon, so rain was supposed to sweep everything out of the city gate. Moreover, we know of public urinals to collect piss for use in tanneries.

There are indications that some sort of recycling took place, but this seems rather have been a local custom by smart indivduals rather than an official system. Materials suitable for recycling would have been metal or glass. Organic remains are rare, but this is rather due to the conditions of preservation over that long time. However, there are signs that dung was brought out on fields in the season suitable for those solutions.

Generally spoken, we can collect evidence, that waste was brought outside in several military sites throughout the Roman Empire, though the "how" could vary based on different locations. If the military was stationed on top of a hill, a waste dump can sometimes be found on the hillside. Also rivers were used. The most famous rubble hill of Roman times would be next to the Legionary Fortress of Vindonissa in todays Switzerland. A Legionary Fortress housed aroung 6000 soldiers which were present at that site for roughly 100 years. They dumped their rubbish directly outside on the front towards a smaller river, the Aare, which supposedly took of parts and swept them downstream. What remains is still a very impressive amount of material, were it seems no separating of different materials was done. There is evidence that smoldering fires emerged and parts of the layers collapsed sometimes.

The book "Limes XXIII. Proceedings of the 23rd Interational Limes Congress Ingolstadt 2015" has a whole chapter on Roman military waste disposal which also features the Vindonissa research.

Günther E. Thüry wrote "Müll und Marmorsäulen. Siedlungshygiene in der römischen Antike, 2001". Apart from that, there is lots of single site literature with small or larger chapters on their waste disposal, but no overview. Maybe one essay about "waste and pollution in the Ancient Roman Empire" might be useful too. (Found here: https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.1515/jlecol-2016-0013)

One of the single site studies around a town would be Guido Furlan, When absence means things are going well: Waste disposal in Roman Towns and its Impact on the record as observed in Aquileia, European Journal of Archaeology 2017.

As near military sites were also civilian settlements, there are some publications of those. For the vicus of Heldenbergen in central Germany W. Czysz could distinguish, that large holes which occur after use from wells or latrines were backfilled quickly through a joint effort of the neighbourhood, so that the danger of humans or cattle falling into the hole could be minimized (W. Czysz, Heldenbergen in der Wetterau: Feldlager, Kastell, Vicus, Limesforschungen 27, 2003). This would suggest somehow, that a larger pile of waste was accessible for such use.

Here's a previous discussion focused on the US.

Please check out William Rathje's work on the archaeology of garbage. Based on his early work in Mesoamerica, Rathje and his students developed methods for analysis of landfill garbage that reflected patterns of consumption and use of disposable materials. The patterns of material use were often contrary to what people actually reported using or what might expected from census or economic data.

From Rathje's obituary:

"We developed the methodology to study contemporary garbage using archaeological methodology," said Wilson Hughes, the long-time field director for the Garbage Project. "There were no ‘how to' books, so we developed what is now called garbology." The word "garbology," originally a euphemism used to describe waste management, came to describe Rathje's new endeavor and is now included in the Oxford English Dictionary.