Modern Biblical scholars tend to examine the historical context of the Bible and don't treat it as a totally infallible text. How did this method of study become commonplace and accepted instead of condemned as heresy?

Not to discourage anyone from answering here, but there are a couple of specialized subreddits, r/academicbiblical and r/askbiblescholars where biblical scholars tend to congregate and you might find more people qualified to give an answer; the latter is much like this subreddit, but the moderation policy is, if anything, stricter.