According to the recent news reports, Russia seems to be targeting and destroying Ukrainian culture such as museums, libraries and art galleries in an intentional effort to delete Ukrainian cultural heritage. Did similar things happen in the past?

by metalslimesolid

Besides recent attempts by groups like ISIS, do we have documented cases where erasing cultural heritage was something intentionally done by other empires or nations? I've heard about Napoleon shooting off noses of statues but I'm not sure if that was true or not

kaiser_matias

Yes, and in the post-Soviet world even.

AS the Soviet Union was collapsing in the late 1980s, one of the first republics to really strive for independence was Georgia. Led by the scholar turned ultra-nationalist Zviad Gamsakhurdia, the Georgian democratic movement gained solid control of the country by 1991. However this was an issue: as noted, Gamsakhurdia was a staunchly Georgian nationalist, and in a republic where roughly 30% of the population was not ethnically Georgian (this is based on contemporary numbers; I don't have the full 1989 Soviet census results available, but it would be comparable), this was an issue. Especially so in two of the autonomous regions of Georgia: the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast (second level of autonomy), and the Abkhaz Autonomous Republic (first level of autonomy).

The South Ossetians were the first to resist Gamsakhurdia's actions, which ultimately led to a war between South Ossetia and Georgia in 1991-92 (ending with Russian involvement to force a ceasefire, and South Ossetia effectively out of Georgian control). As the war did not go well for Georgia, there was a simultaneous outbreak of a civil war that tried to overthrow Gamsakhurdia, who was elected the first President of Georgia in 1991.

He was overthrown in 1992, but continued to work from his base in Western Georgia, quite close to Abkhazia. The Abkhazians were not interested in getting involved in this, and indeed had declared themselves separated from Georgia in the chaos, but incursions into their territory led to an outbreak of a third war in the region, fought between Abkhazia and Georgia.

Georgian forces, under the leadership of the newly-installed head of state Eduard Shevardnadze (the former Soviet foreign minister) quickly invaded Abkhazia to restore order and bring it back into Georgian control. They quickly took control of the capital, Sukhumi (to use the most neutral version of the city's name; it goes by different names depending on what side you fall on), but an Abkhaz siege was launched to counter that.

During the military occupation of Sukhumi, on October 22, 1992, the Abkhazian national archives burnt down. It is not known how the fire started, or if it was an accident or deliberate, but the fact that attempts to stop the fire were blocked, it is quite likely it was deliberately set by someone from the Georgian side.

The result was the loss of a lot of Abkhazia's history. While most Soviet-era documents had been stored in the archives in Moscow or Tbilisi (and still are), documents and artifacts from the previous eras were destroyed. The former curator of the archive estimates that of 178,000 documents, some 168,000 were destroyed. This of course pales to massacres of civilians conducted on both sides, and the ethnic cleansing that took part as well (Abkhazia had a 1989 population of about 550,000, and some 250,000 ethnic Georgians fled in the aftermath of the war. Roughly 25-30,000 people died during the war).

The loss of the Sukhumi archive has been a major blow to studying Abkhaz history, though the relative isolation of the region also doesn't help: de jure still part of Georgia, it's been quasi-independent since 1993, though only recognized as such by a few countries, most notably Russia (it's effectively a Russian protectorate). Under Georgian law, it's technically illegal to enter Abkhazia, and the Abkhazian authorities also restrict foreigners who they feel aren't appropriate (this includes all Georgian citizens, except for a few from a neighbouring "border" region). Sukhumi still very much looks like a bombed out city today, nearly three decades after the war, due to a lack of international investment (it was once one of the richest regions in the USSR, and a popular tourist spot, known as the "Soviet Riviera"). The archives have not been rebuilt, either, though there are efforts to preserve the few documents left, and try to restore what history they can.