The composition of naval forces built around aircraft carriers in the 1940s varied significantly depending on the country, the stage of the war, the operation itself, and the requirements of other simultaneous operations. But we can at least provide some examples to give you a decent idea of early/late war carrier groups.

The Japanese task force that attacked Pearl Harbor included:

• 6 fleet carriers (Akagi, Kaga, Hiryu, Soryu, Shokaku, Zuikaku)
• 2 Kongo-class fast battleships (Hiei, Kirishima)
• 2 Tone-class heavy cruisers (Tone, Chikuma)
• 1 light cruiser (Abukuma)
• 9 destroyers (Tanikaze, Urakaze, Isokaze, Hamakaze, Kasumi, Arare, Kagero, Shiranui, Akigumo)
• 3 submarines

Two other destroyers (Akebono, Ushio) sailed with the task force but detached to bombard Midway Island on December 7. Seven oilers also accompanied the task force but did not approach Hawaii with the rest of the fleet for the attack itself. Several other Japanese submarines were in Hawaiian waters for the attack but not part of the carrier group.

The composition of the Japanese fleet at Midway was similar, though Shokaku and Zuikaku were unavailable. The other four carriers were accompanied by two battleships, two heavy cruisers, a light cruiser, and 11 destroyers. Another destroyer sailed with a group of oilers that were supporting the task force.

The American aircraft carriers at Midway were divided into two groups. The Yorktown was escorted by two heavy cruisers (Astoria and Portland) and five destroyers (Hammann, Morris, Russell, Anderson, Hughes).

The larger group was built around Enterprise and Hornet and included the following ships (not listing the support vessels).

• 2 Yorktown-class fleet carriers (Enterprise, Hornet)
• 5 heavy cruisers of various designs (Pensacola, Northampton, Vincennes, Minneapolis, New Orleans)
• 1 Atlanta-class light cruiser (Atlanta)
• 9 destroyers (Balch, Benham, Phelps, Worden, Aylwin, Monaghan, Ellet, Maury, Conygham)

The U.S. Navy underwent massive growth during the war, and later groupings reflect that growth. At the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the U.S. Navy's 3rd fleet included four separate task forces built around fleet carriers and light carriers (escort carriers were not part of these task forces). Here are a couple examples.

The largest of the four task forces was TF 38.1, under the command of John McCain Sr., a 3-star admiral. TF 38.1 was detached from the rest of Third Fleet to return to Ulithi before the battle began and did not play a significant role at Leyte.

• 3 Essex-class fleet carriers (Wasp, Hornet, Hancock)
• 2 Independence class light carriers (Cowpens, Monterey)
• 4 heavy cruisers of various classes (Boston, Chester, Salt Lake City, Pensacola)
• 2 Atlanta-class light cruisers (Oakland, San Diego)
• 14 destroyers (Izard, Charrette, Conner, Bell, Burns, Cogswell, Caperton, Ingersoll, Boyd, Cowell, McCalla, Grayson, Brown, Woodworth)

Third Fleet operated under the overall command of 4-star admiral William "Bull" Halsey, who sailed aboard the battleship USS New Jersey at the time. Each task force could be detached (like TF 38.1 was) for a separate mission if needed. New Jersey was in TF 38.2, which consisted of:

• 1 Essex-class fleet carrier (Intrepid)
• 2 Independence-class light carriers (Cabot, Independence)
• 2 Iowa-class fast battleships (Iowa, New Jersey)
• 3 Cleveland-class light cruisers (Miami, Vincennes, Biloxi)
• 16 destroyers (Owen, Miller, The Sullivans, Tingey, Hickox, Hunt, Lewis Hancock, Marshall, Cushing, Colahan, Halsey Powell, Uhlmann, Yarnall, Twining, Stockham, Wedderburn)

TF 38.3 and 38.4 both included two fleet carriers and two light carriers. They also both had two battleships and several attendant cruisers and destroyers.

I am not familiar with the composition of the Royal Navy's carrier groups at the time, though someone else may be able to provide examples.