1. The history of the Druze idea for support for the state.When did this concept develop in Druze religion/culture?

Well first Druze do not support nor a loyal to the state they're in, if that was the case then the Druze would've been loyal to France( while Syria and Lebanon were a French colony), the Ottomans or the mamluks. Druze are only loyal to their Homeland which is the mountains,and they only care about their interest which is pretty obvious like any sect in the middle east would do, if the state does not give autonomy and oppresses the druze, then they would simply revolt.

This concept was created by sectarian people that wanna spew hate towards the group,and accuse them of being traitors.

I'd like to add that the mountains are really important for the Druze people, because it allows them to isolate themselves easily.

2. What was the Druze experience during the Ottoman period?

During the Ottomans, the Druze were divided by clans(Still are to this day) so you would have clans with the Ottomans and clans against the Ottomans, whoever in most cases the Druze and the Ottomans weren't in good terms.

(I'm sorry for not giving you any source that would back me up cause I don't have time to give you any references)

Some period you'd have Druze allying with ottomans for example, when it was against the mamluks the Ottomans promised the Druze full autonomy, if they would help them against the mamluks, which later on the Ottomans would undermine the Druze autonomy and raid their villages and persecute them. Or cause political pressure and igniting sectarian war between the Druze and the maronites to weaken the druze lords.

Whoever to the druze the Ottomans are mostly known as oppressive, and the Druze would constantly revolt although you'd have some period of peace backed by the Ottomans so they could convert the Druze into Islam, and then they would consider Druze as Muslims so they would pay heavy taxes (that will also lead to another Druze revolt)

One of the most famous Druze leader that is known for revolting against the Ottomans is emir fakhredinne.

There's also the hauran rebellion led by the atrash family in 1909.

3. What were Druze relationships like with the British and French during European colonialism in the Levant?

With the British it was okay, in 1860 the British helped the Druze against the maronites that were backed by France. In exchange of this help Druze would allow protestants to preach and evangelize.

During the Arab revolt the British also helped arming us against the Ottomans.

And during the British mandate of Palestine, Druze would get the Brits protection against Sunni Islamist that would harass the druzes ( also one of the reasons why the Druze sided with the Jews).

As for France the relationship was actually really bad like I said they backed the Maronites in 1860.

And in the French Mandate of Syria they would evangelize, preach catholicisme and build churches in Druze areas. Harass the locals ( one of the main reasons of the Syrian revolt), France also tried to displace the Druze from Lebanon in exchange the Druze would get their own state, but the Druze refused to do so.( Why? Because like I said the Druze are loyal to their Homeland they live in they don't wanna abandon it ) this eventually lead to the Syrian revolt led by a famous Druze leader sultan Basha Al atrash.

4. Are there ethnic or religious groups with similar ideas about support for the state in other parts of the world?

Again it's not about supporting the state/ If the state doesn't support you then you won't support it, the Druze don't blindly support the government.

And every ethnic and religious group share similar ideas .

For ethnic groups : you have Kurds, Assyrians, Armenians and bedouins (not an ethnic group)

Religious groups: Yazidi, Jews, Alawites, Maronites and other sect of Christianity and the shias.

I excluded the Sunnis because they're the majority in every Mena country except for Iraq and Lebanon, so they don't have this mentality.

5. How long does/when does the statute of limitations expire for Druze loyalty? For example, I know there are many Druze in the Golan who are still supporters of the Syrian government, but almost all other Israeli Druze are Zionists. Are there other instances of Druze support changing (or not changing) after territorial changes?

If the state undermine our autonomy we will simply revolt simple as that.
As for the Druze in Golan they support the Syrian government to protect the Druze from jabal Al Druze.

Wanna also say our community evolves, since we were split off in the Levant and we are disconnected for instance separated from each other ( Lebanese druze , Israeli druze , Syrian druze) we became less tribalistic/ Clannish and more united, this disconnection made us unironically more connected than ever, that's why you would hear Israeli druze supporting Syrian druze during the civil war by funding them, or Lebanese Druze joining the Syrian druze to fight against ISIS same thing happened in the Lebanese civil war ( Israeli druze and Syrian Druze joined druze militants)

That would also explain why most Druze in Lebanon were pan arabist and Syrian nationalist we simply wanted to unite with each other.

6. Is there a technical term in history or political science for this type of attitude toward the governing power?

I dislike this question, we don't simply become loyal to the government, there's a lot of context and political stuff that happens that will affect our attitude towards the state.

Anyhow we are simply an autonomous minority and we will continue to be so.

https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.13169/arabstudquar.40.3.0233

You may find this article interesting.