You might find this answer by u/ghostofherzl useful

Good question. With the caveat that it's a long time since I studied Middle Eastern history at college, I would say, broadly, yes, Arabs and Jews in the Levant did live together in peace until the early 20th century.

Let's do a quick run through of Palestinian history for the last 2000 years. First it was ruled by the Roman/Byzantine empire (it was the same empire, after the East/West split the Byzantines considered themselves Romans, but spoke Greek), before being taken over by the Arab Conquests in the 630s. The deal with the Arab conquests was subjects would be allowed religious freedom, as long as they paid a tax called a Jizya to the Caliphate. The Levant was majority Christian for hundreds of years after the Arab invasion and both Jews and Christians played important social, cultural and administrative roles in the Islamic Empire. Jews and Christians are considered 'people of the book' in Islam, and were generally treated well.

Middle Eastern history is basically a pattern of external invaders seizing control of existing empires, before being subsumed by them, only to be replaced by a new wave of horsemen on the horizon. The sociologist Ibn Khuldun called this process Asabiya.

One band of these invaders was the Crusades in the medieval period, who committed pogroms against Jews on their way to the Levant. Haifa was defended by Jews against the Crusaders. Jews and Muslims sometimes fought side by side against the Crusaders.

But I think it's probably useful to avoid straight comparisons between the Middle Ages and the current situation in the region.

The Arab traveller Ibn Jubayr recorded that in the 12th century, during Saladin's wars against the crusaders, local people lived in relative harmony, despite the whole crusade/Jihad going on around them. Basically if you were a peasant in the levant, you probably felt more affinity with your neighbours of different religions that with some foreign king who shared yours.

Later, the Ottoman Empire became a refuge for Jewish refugees from the Spanish Inquisition. In the 19th century, there were pograms in the Ottoman empire against the Jewish populace, but I'm not sure if that happened in Palestine. There were considerable community tensions during the Ottoman Empire (just take the Armenian genocide for example), but it probably varied a lot depending on local circumstance. It was in the late 19th century that Jewish/Muslim relations in Palestine begun to decline, as Zionism began to emerge in Europe. The Balfour Agreement of 1917, which said Israel/Palestine could become a home to Jews, so long as the local populace was respected, was when Arab v Jewish tension in the region really began to escalate.