A major contributing factor was Henry's belief that women were unsuited for the throne or were liable to cause civil strife if they acceded.

Jane Grey would be the first woman monarch of England in 1553 for 9 days, but Mary (1553-1558) would take power for five years after her, then her sister Elizabeth would rule for over forty years (1558-1603). But until Jane Grey there had never been a woman on the throne. Moreover, it was only after Henry died in 1547. The only attempt before Henry's life had been when Matilda (1102-1167), daughter of Henry I, attempted to be crowned Queen of England but she was forced out before the crowning. Matilda's attempted accession caused a civil war in England between her and her cousin Stephen of Blois (1135-1154), an event we refer to today as the Anarchy.

So the historical precedent for Henry is that attempting to put a woman on the throne is likely to result in a civil war. It also was the common opinion in 16th century England that women were simply not fit to rule. Henry iterated all of these ideas in the 1532 text A Glasse of Truth that he personally vetted, if not likely wrote. The text states that if a woman "shall chance to rule, she cannot continue long without a husband, which by God's law must then be her governor and head, and so finally shall direct the realm." In Henry's mind, a woman monarch threatened the stability of the realm while also inviting someone else to rule. She was merely a means to an end. You can also see Henry's will in the First and Second Acts of Succession where he disinherited his daughters at various points as well. Even when Henry lacked an actual male heir, he mandated in the law that the Crown would pass to his male heirs. Henry would only change opinion on this later on in life.

There are other factors involved, too. Henry had predicated his break with the Church over this issue so in effect had made it a hill for him to die on. He also had to deal with the expectations of his peers on this issue as well.

Sources:

David Loades, The Tudor Queens of England

John Guy, The Tudors: A Very Short Introduction

You've already received an answer, but for another angle, I'll paste an older answer I wrote on the subject of why Henry married "old" wives well into their childbirthing window rather than solely girls in their late teens:

Well, it was never solely about finding a younger woman who could try for years and years to have sons. For one thing, Henry believed that if he were with the right woman and God blessed their union, a son would be granted to them. Remember that a major factor in his stated reasoning for divorcing Catherine of Aragon (really, annuling their marriage - having it retroactively undone) was that he claimed to believe she and his brother had consummated their marriage, and that therefore he had sinned by marrying her and was being punished with daughters, stillbirths, and children who died young. If he corrected his error, then God would be like, "Now we're good!" and provide a healthy, male heir to the throne.

When Henry met Anne, she was about 25 (and he was about 35), and he was highly attracted to her. She initially rejected his advances on the grounds that good girls don't get involved in extramarital/premarital relationships, which led to his desire to make her his mistress morphing into a desire to make her his wife, and despite the fact that it took seven years, he followed through. Catherine's track record of unsuccessful pregnancies and apparent menopause were a large factor in his interest in a younger bride, but by all accounts Henry was in love with Anne. His feelings were strong enough to keep the unconsummated relationship going for years and to result in a massive break from the Catholic Church and from an alliance with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. And at the same time, 32 is not old for childbearing - certainly it would have been an unusual age for a first birth, but women typically gave birth into their thirties. Given that Anne became pregnant pretty much right away after the marriage, it seemed reasonable to believe that the problem was fixed.

By the time Jane came around, Henry had had time to reconsider. The theory had been that if Henry ended his marriage to "his brother's wife" and took up with someone not related to him, he would get a son. Instead, after he married Anne, they had a daughter and three miscarriages. Was God still disapproving? Henry was attracted to other women, as he had been in his previous marriage, and set his sights on Jane Seymour, who was one of Anne's ladies in waiting, not related to him in any way, and not associated with Anne and the break with the Church. She was also well within her childbearing window, as evidenced by the fact that she gave birth a year after the marriage to a son who was healthy enough to survive his childhood. All of these factors were important.

We tend to Other historical periods by exaggerating the average age disparity between marriage partners, redrawing the marital pattern to be about middle-aged men seeking the youngest and most fertile wives, and we also like to draw firm distinctions between marrying for love/attraction and marrying for other purposes. Reality is much more complicated, with multiple reasons for a choice of spouse coming together frequently. In any event, Henry's reasoning was that he didn't need to have a wife who was at peak fertility or young enough to allow for twenty years of trying for an heir: she just needed to be able to give birth once or twice, and if the marriage was sound according to God those births would be male.