If I understand correctly, the heart of your question is wanting to know what changes occurred in North America between roughly the 14th to 19th centuries. Since it is a big continent, with hundreds of nations and multiple linguistic groups, I'm going to focus on one general place, the interior U.S. Southeast. I'll borrow, with modification, from several previous answers. I can't address everything, some items like clothes don't preserve well, but can address changes in things like religious practice, social organization, and aspects of culture.

Around 1000CE complex chiefdoms arose throughout the eastern portion of North America, with the seat of power organized around large mound complexes. Cahokia, one of the earliest, largest, and most well-known of these Mississippian chiefdoms, boasted over a hundred earthen mounds spread out over six square miles, and was estimated to be the home of more than twenty thousand people. Cahokia was part of the Early Mississippian period, and for the next seven centuries a cyclic pattern of consolidation, mound complex development, and then abandonment of the site characterized power ebbs and flows across the Southeast.

Combining archaeology, oral history, and early historic records we can piece together information to answer the intricacies of your question. Chiefdoms varied in size throughout the Southeast, from smaller mound complexes, to larger paramount chiefdoms, where the chief of chiefs held sway. Chiefs held the power to extract tribute, usually food or labor, from commoners and lesser chiefs, and the office appears to be hereditary. Elites demanded extreme deference in the presence of commoners, and enslaved captives from other nations. Isotopic analysis of skeletal remains show elites consumed more protein than commoners, indicating increased access to limited resources, and their burials contain far more trade goods.

In exchange for their preferential status, elites resided on the summit of large earthen mounds and acted as intermediaries between the spiritual worlds and the commoners. The Mississippian cosmos contained three tiers; the Upper World, the Lower World, and This World. The Upper World was a place of purity and order, home of spiritually important birds like raptors and spiritual being like Sun, Moon, and Thunder. In the Lower World lived amphibians and snakes, monsters like the Great Serpent and the Underwater Panther, and was a world of disorder and fertility. This World was the home of humans. Powerful individuals could travel between these worlds, and it was the role of the chiefdom to maintain order (Snyder).

The legitimacy of the chief depended on their ability to provide for commoners, and their ability to maintain control in a volatile world. If a chief was unable to protect their people, or even themselves, they lost legitimacy and the mound complex would be abandoned. Scholars believe the cyclic pattern of complexes rising and falling indicate those dynasties that rose to power, but were unable to maintain their position, either through warfare or environmental insults like drought or famine.

For the first few centuries following European contact the cyclic pattern of Mississippian mound complexes continued. Early Spanish explorers describe densely populated settlements surrounding monumental earthen mounds with micos (chiefs) able to control sufficient numbers of fighters to decimate the Narvaez entrada in Florida, and push Soto around the Southeast. While these early Spanish incursions might have destabilized a few chiefdoms, like Chicaza in Mississippi and Tascalusa in Alabama, stability continued, and some chiefdoms like the Caddo, Natchez, and Apalachee continued until the eighteenth century.

The arrival of English settlers in the South, and the emergence of the Native slave trade shattered the Southeast. While earlier scholars originally thought epidemic disease prompted societal collapse in the Southeast, we now know a combination of factors linked to the deerskin and slave trade reshaped the region. Between 1685 and 1715 highly conservative estimates indicate the English, and their Native allies, enslaved 24,000-51,000 Indians and shipped them to plantations in the Caribbean. The slave trade set off a refugee crisis. Survivors tried to flee into the heart of the continent, displacing existing nations and sparking further conflict, and Spanish allied mission Indians fled south to the Keys where they begged for ship passage to Cuba to escape the slavers. Disease followed the slaving trails inland, prompting the first large verifiable smallpox epidemic in the late 1600s. A combination of slaving raids, warfare, disease, territorial displacement, and social upheaval shattered the Southeast.

From this shatterzone previously distinct populations began to consolidate and form coalescent societies. The Creeks, Cherokees, Chickasaws, and Choctaws grew in power as alliances of strength and convenience allowed formerly disperse groups to stand against European encroachment. The story of Cherokee origins is complex, and linked to this shatterzone created by the slave, deerskin, and firearm trade. Cherokee oral history recorded in the 19th century states they initially lived in what is now southwestern Virginia and eastern Tennessee. Around the 1640s they were pushed out of the region by raiders from the Haudenosaunee Five Nations, who raided south for captives. The proto-Cherokee were also under pressure from Siouan speakers to the east, armed from trade with colonial Virginia, and from their previous neighbors the Westo. Pushed west into the mountains near the Broad River, the Iroquoian-speakers began coalescing as what we know as the Cherokee (Kelton). When nations like the Westo outlived their usefulness to Virginians and were enslaved, the Cherokee took their place as trading partners, exchanging slaves and deerskins with Virginians in exchange for firearms, and raiding/displacing nations throughout eastern Tennessee as well as northern Alabama and Georgia. By the 18th century the Cherokee displaced the original Muskogean inhabitants of middle Tennessee.

Far from the hierarchical structure of the past organized around mound complexes, Cherokee society at the time remained decentralized with towns acting with independence and autonomy. The 1700s saw a huge influx of English settlers into Cherokee lands after the Yamasee War, leading to multiple fights for autonomy during the First and Second Cherokee Wars. Many Cherokee believed selective acculturation would protect them from genocidal violence accompanying European encroachment, even allying with Andrew Jackson in his campaign against the Red Stick faction of Upper Creeks during the War of 1812. Others, seeing the endless tide of English encroachment, started moving west to the Arkansas and Red Rivers. Sequoyah famously developed a written script for the Cherokee language in the early 1800s and by 1827 the Cherokee drafted a Constitution similar to the one developed by the United States. Though indigenous slavery existed prior to contact, many Cherokee conformed to the race-based model of chattel slavery of their neighbors. Attempts at acculturating were for naught. Between 1830 and 1850 the U.S. forcibly removed 60,000 indigenous people from their homes. An estimated 16,000 Cherokee were forced west to Oklahoma, with historians estimating 2,000-6,000 perished en route.

So, to sum up, in one area of the U.S. between 1300-1800 the land saw the transformation of human life organized around massive mound complexes, to a confederacy of smaller autonomous groups, to ethnic cleansing of indigenous people by newcomers from the east. Allegiances, language, religion, slavery, and subsistence changed dramatically in those five centuries.

For more info check out...

Ethridge and Shuck-Hall eds Mapping the Mississippian Shatterzone: The Colonial Indian Slave Trade and Regional Instability in the American South

Gallay The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670–1717

Kelton Epidemics and Enslavement: Biological Catastrophe in the Native Southeast, 1492-1715

Snyder Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America