It is important to note on this topic that very few people in Russia were "having a very great time" prior to the October Revolution. Even though the Russian Empire abolished serfdom in 1861, the actual living conditions of the massive population of former serfs didn't change all that much. Olga Semyonova Tian-Shanskaia's late-Nineteenth Century account of this rural population (published in English in the book Village Life in Late Tsarist Russia) gives a good picture of the sort of conditions they lived in at the time. To put it short, conditions were not good. There were attempts at reforms after the disastrous 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War, but they were undercut by Tsar Nicholas II. The country remained largely rural and agrarian, especially compared to the more industrialized countries to the west.

Russia suffered enormously as part of World War One and the Russian Civil War. Millions of people died even before the October Revolution, and vast areas of the most productive agricultural land in the empire were on the front lines of the conflicts. These two facts in addition to the pressure of supporting the warring factions of the Russian Civil War in the face of land reforms led to famine.

With all of this in mind, we come back to your original question. Given the politics of the Soviet Union, I would hazard to say that giving a definitive answer to "how long did it take for communism to go bad in Russia?" is nearly impossible. The fact is, Russia was not in a good situation to begin with. Moreover, the question presupposes that it was universally bad by some point, which I think most historians would try to add more nuance to. There were people who benefited at least initially from the Soviet Union, including many rural peasants and women. This is not to say the Soviet Union was a paradise, it certainly was not and still had numerous problems to put it mildly, but it wasn't exclusively some sort of dystopian hellscape.

I would recommend Behind the Urals: An American Worker in Russia's City of Steel by John Scott for a fascinating view of the Soviet Union at the time. Keeping in mind that it is a primary source from a foreign and biased writer, it is also a useful look into how Soviet society (particularly where it concerned the rural poor) was evolving during the 1930s while much of the west was stuck in the Great Depression. While it is not directly about the Soviet Union, the book Unfinished Utopia: Nowa Huta, Stalinism, and Polish Society, 1949-56 by Katherine Lebow demonstrates a very similar dynamic in Poland as they built their first Stalinist new industrial city, not unlike the Magnitogorsk of John Scott's book. These were not unmitigated success stories for the communist states, but they weren't total disasters for the populace of both countries either. Quality of life for many people in Russia did increase in the Soviet Union as heavy industrialization brought rural populations into urban areas, especially in comparison to life in the Russian Empire. This is not to discount the most problematic aspects of these countries, such as the Holodomor in Ukraine, but I think it is important to add nuance to the question given how complicated it actually is.