While specific examples of past paranoid delusions are obviously difficult to find, we do actually have a few!

One notorious case that bears striking similarities to the modern examples you named is that of Jean Jacques Rousseau, who famously believed there was a "universal conspiracy" plotting against him, as he described in his Dialogues (particularly in the first, as his delusions dulled somewhat over time).

The Dialogue (also called "Rousseau Judge of Jean Jacques") was written to respond to the slanderous defamations Rousseau perceived against him: Rousseau wasn't suffering from secret FBI Surveillance, but from an elaborate social conspiracy that everyone was in on, hellbent on badmouthing him and ruining his good reputation. And so elaborate was this conspiracy that, having finished writing his text, he didn't know who to give it to, trusting nobody with it. So instead, he decided to leave it on the altar of Notre Dame, where it might be given to the King.

God and the King, the only two who could still remain above the conspiracy he was the victim of. Except that when he ran to Notre Dame, he found the altar unexpectedly barred, and in his own words:

I was overcome by a dizziness like a man with apoplexy, and this dizziness was followed by an upheaval of my whole being. All the more struck by the unforeseen obstacle because I hadn’t told anyone of my project, I believed in my initial transport that I was seeing Heaven itself collaborate in the iniquitous work of men.

Essentially, he briefly thought that even God had joined the conspiracy. Note that this is a text that he himself published while denouncing said conspiracy against him, still firmly believing its existence.

After this, Rousseau became very reclusive, and his later texts increasingly laud the value of isolation and solitude, culminating with the Reveries of the Solitary Walker, his final unfinished book.

To read more on the topic of Rousseau's paranoia, I recommend checking out Antoine Lilti's "The Writing of Paranoia: Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the Paradoxes of Celebrity", which I am unfortunately unable to link right due to being on my phone.

Here's an excerpt from a paper I wrote recently that details hallucinations and delusions in the Modern era.

There were also many frameworks that, as described in preceding sections, changed the contents of people’s minds. Though preceding the Modern era proper, the delusion of the “Air Loom” by James Tilly Matthews in 1796, a machine that in using “pneumatic chemistry” was able to send “rays” into people’s minds, controlling and reading their thoughts (Bethlem). This idea clearly reflects the commonplace and evergrowing occurrence of machines during this time of the Industrial age. Then in analyzing the tables in diDiodoro's research, we find that during the years of 1850-1899, the contents of psychiatric hospital patients’ hallucinations were almost wholly based either on phenomena they encountered in their everyday lives such as violence and war, horses, snakes, and other people, or supernatural phenomena they have come to believe in through the frameworks they already believe, such as God, angels, demons, Hell, and ghosts (shades, apparitions, specters) (Di Diodoro; more can be read in the Supplementary section). Some time shortly after the year 1876 when the telephone was invented, the following hallucinations were reported by Bethlem Hospital: “Joseph Haskill was ‘annoyed at night by telephones and electronic arrangements,’ while Annie Payne thought that her doctor ‘attended her professionally through the telephone.’ [even though she had no phone in her house].” These reflect once again an underlying theme whereby contemporary phenomena, especially the mysterious, are incorporated into their experience and explanations of reality. In looking at UFO sightings through the Modern era, Greg Eighigian finds that in the late 19th century, specifically the year 1896, the sightings typically consisted of zeppelins and propeller aircraft, which precedes the Wright brothers’ airplane by 7 years, which is interesting because it demonstrates the zeitgeist surrounding airplanes at the time (more can be read about this in the article by Venckunas), and in fact, it is this zeitgeist that the Wright brothers were building off when they flew the first motor-operated plane. These sightings continued and greatly increased in number after the First World War.

Then, in 1946, there were thousands of reports in Sweden by the citizenry about “ghost rockets” flying overhead. Eighigian states it as follows: “A year after Nazi Germany’s surrender, Sweden was beset by at least a thousand accounts of peculiar, fast-moving objects in the sky. Starting in May 1946, residents described seeing missile- or rocket-like objects in flight, which were dubbed ‘ghost rockets’ because of their fleeting nature. Rockets peppering Swedish skies was well within the realm of possibility—in 1943 and 1944, a number of V-1 and V-2 rockets launched from Germany had inadvertently crashed in the country.” This also demonstrates how heavily influenced the contents of such sightings were by the contemporary phenomena the populace internalized, and how deeply events like wars can ingrain themselves. Exploring even further, we find in Cannon et al.’s research in which they analyzed the delusion reports of 102 patients at an American psychiatric hospital in Pennsylvania during the years 1900-1999, some themes that are clearly influenced by contemporary phenomena. Looking past the 9 most common hallucinations in the table in Cannon's research, which likely would not change too much over time due to their constant prevalence in human lived experience, we find many trend influenced experiences. These include delusions incorporating: radio, electricity, politics, television, communists/Russians, telephone, outer space, Germans, the Mafia, airplanes, syphilis, and radar.

Cannon, Brooke J., and Lorraine Masinos Kramer. “Delusion Content across the 20th Century in an American Psychiatric Hospital.” International Journal of Social Psychiatry, vol. 58, no. 3, Mar. 2011, pp. 323–27, https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764010396413.

di DIODORO, DANILO, et al. "Visual Hallucinations in the 19th Century: Research in a Medical Archive". The Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, vol. 186, no. 11, November 1998, pp. 716-721.

Eghigian, Greg. “How the Industrial Age Fuels Our Belief in UFOs”. Zocalo Public Square, Jan. 30, 2018. https://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2018/01/30/industrial-age-fuels-belief-ufos

“Hallucinations and Electricity in the Nineteenth Century.” Bethlem Museum of the Mind, 2022, museumofthemind.org.uk/blog/hallucinations-and-delusions-2-annoyed-at-night-by-telephones.

Edit: Forgot a source.

VENCKUNAS VALIUS, “Top 10 Airplanes before Wright Flyer.” Aerotime.aero, 4 Oct. 2020, www.aerotime.aero/articles/26068-top-10-airplanes-before-wright-flyer.

Not to discourage further discussion, but this similar question has excellent responses by /u/sunagainstgold and /u/hillsonghoods