Is there a point or transition period where US currency is no longer considered legal tender.

For example, if I get a dollar bill note or a quarter from 1962, it's neat but nobody would blink an eye at using it despite being 60 years old.

But if I have a dollar from 1892, folks most likely not accept it.

So is there an official point where the government says that currency is no longer legal tender?

What periodizations did/do other cultures use? I assume Antiquity, Medieval period, Modern are not universals

Many cultures practiced artificial cranial deformation, are there any papers at all that do support that it caused neurological or behavioral changes?

Asked this a couple years ago with no luck, so let me try again: are there any histories of Rome that integrate evidence from archeology, genetics, and linguistics? (Bonus points if they don't repeat Rome's anti-barbarian bias and look down on Celtic & Germanic cultures, but not a dealbreaker if they do.)

Did any chronicler or medical wizard of the high medieval period make note of any "pregnancy cravings" of strange food?

It's common today for pregnant women to crave strange foods and food combinations and I'm wondering if that's a consistent thing or if it's a weird side affect of the variety of strange foods we now have access to.

How seriously do you guys take this 'no such thing as feudalism' stuff? It seems to me there are basic problems with the critiques I've (lightly) read.

Obviously, words are not referents, so you can't expect any term at any level of generality to escape from exceptions. So the easy argument (that 'feudal' situations are unalike) falls down, and you have to make the hard argument, which is that feudalism is a term that actively clouds the understanding.

My feeling is that saying that any term aids or clouds the understanding presupposes a bunch of claims about what you're understanding. It's simply false to say the understanding of a Freudian psychoanalyst is 'clouded' by ideas like the id, even if you think Freud is a load of bunk.

Equally, you can't tell an economic determinist that 'feudalism' is damaging their understanding, without first winning the argument that economic determinism itself is false.

I guess I think that a lot of positions, and differing emphases, between various forms of contingency and determinism are ultimately a matter of taste, and calling out a term that marks somebody as having a certain kind of taste is a bit of a backhanded way to try and police the taste of others.

How many Siberian People were killed or displaced during their colonialization by Russia?

(Number of those killed by illness as well)

Regarding Japanese history, was the term emishi used to refer to a specific group of people or was it a more general, catch-all term for people living outside of the rule of the imperial court?

What's an example of an underdog army/resistance that was doing well, but their luck eventually ran out?

Why is Romania called Romania (land of the Romans) when the Romans occupied that area for such a short amount of time compared to almost all the other areas in their empire? Why did it ‘stick’ there?

If a city-state were to be attacked, would facing the incoming army in battle be better than preparing for a seige? I'm writing a story involving late medieval warfare and would like to keep it as close to nonfictional as possible, so any articles similar to this would be greatly appreciated.

What came first; Hades the God or Hades the Underworld?

What are some good sources for the history of gay liberation? In terms of focus, I’m mainly interested in the American movement, specifically broader histories after the ~1950s or focused histories on the AIDS crisis itself.

I want to read about Nazi Germany. Right now I am stuck between either picking William Shirer's book about the third reich or Richard J. Evans trilogy.

Which book(s) should I go for?

Besides Athens, what are the other examples of democracy in ancient Greece?

I am reading a book written by the French historian Pierre Vidal-Naquet about democracy in Athens. I was wondering if there had been other examples of democracy in ancient Greece.

I was hoping someone might be able to point me to a source (or sources) that describes how land was utilized in agriculture for Roman Italy (any period) or any other classical civilization.

Specifically, I'm curious of how much land was used for agriculture and, within that, how much was assigned to be pasture for animal grazing.

Thanks very much for anyone who might be able to help. I've been searching for some time today and though I've found a lot of sources that speak to animal husbandry and agriculture of Roman Italy, none speak to specific surveys of land usage.

Scholars of ancient history: what idea, concept, or theme about the past would you most want 6th graders to take away from their 6th grade social studies class?

https://i.redd.it/0g7rxzyvgil91.jpg
Any help or suggestions where to look for details will be highly appreciated.
It's thought to be Antique Ancient Egyptian Thoth Boat Stela Fragment Relief 1570-1314 BC
Dimensions approx:
Height: 5.7"(14.5 cm)
Width: 9" (23 cm)
Thickness: 0.5" (1.5 cm)
Weight: 1220 Gram

Would a monarch in the high medieval period be aware of their "House," "Hohenstaufen, Plantagenet, Capet, etc" and their regnal numbers?

It's a strong trope in fiction where a noble family (Atreides, Stark, etc) where they're hyper focused on the House name but I heard that while the nobility were extremely concerned about advancing the family dynasty and property, the actual "House" names were developed centuries later. That if you told Frederick Barbarossa that he was a Hohenstaufen/Staufer that he wouldn't know what you're talking about.

And that it was the 18th & 19th century historians that assigned the regnal numbers which is why legends about Frederick Barbarossa and his grandson Frederick II got mixed together.

How mainstream was the pseudoscience of phrenology back in the 19th century? Was it accepted and seen as what we could now call "settled science," or was it seen by more skilled and well-regarded scientists as a kooky hair-brained theory that only gained traction among the uneducated or those with an agenda already in mind?

Was Cleopatra VII the last pharaoh of ptolemaic egypt?

What is the name of this late medieval economic system?

It’s not Feudalism, it’s called something else and it’s main principle is to attain as much pressures metals (eg. Gold, Silver etc) as possible.

Is there any basis for the current trend of "elvish" circlets? I think they're pretty and I'm wondering if they were ever a part of my heritage. Example from LOTR: here. I'm a mishmash of western European and Celtic-Anglo Archipelago

Did the old Samarian language have a word for poet and/or poetry? And if so how would we pronounce those words in English?

Mathematician in bath tub developed coordinates? 30 years ago a math teacher told me that x/y coordinate systems were developed by an ancient greek stuck in his bath tub. The story went that he was day dreaming about how he would communicate the location of a fly on the wall, if he was unable to point. I have been trying to vet this today, but am not having much luck. Heard the story before? Know the name of the philosopher/mathematician? (Thanks!)

Were today's Russian oligarchs including Putin part of the Soviet government? Did they take advantage of their privileged positions to become oligarchs?

How do you pronounce Xšāça?

Band of Brothers features an American (from Oregon) fighting for Germany in a German uniform. He says he is a "volksdeutscher" suggesting there are more.

​

What happened to these men after the war? I assume they would have been tried for treason and possibly executed, but with the exception of Lt. Monti I can't find much about them or their post-war fate.

How much is an Imperial Russian ruble from 1805 - 1812 worth in USD today?

I am rereading the original draft of Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace and there is a part where it's mentioned that Hélène spent 800 rubles on a dress and spent 16,000 rubles to decorate their home. While the point is obviously to emphasize her recklessness with Pierre's money and her frivolity, etc., I wonder: how much money is that, really? I've been trying to find an answer myself and haven't been able to come to a solid conclusion, so I figured I'd come to the experts! Thank you for any information! I'm hoping figuring this out will lead me to understand a little better just how rich Pierre is meant to be, as well.

Do any of you know any good books about the Imperial Japanese interservice rivalry between the Meiji Restoration and 1945?

There's lots of random facts about IJN and IJA's refusal to cooperate that pop in various sources talking about WW2, but I couldn't find any book that was primarily talking about the rivalry

Any good books about the Punic war

If it was called the ‘Punic wars’ by the romans, what did Carthage refer to it as?

Hi. I'm a 3D artist working on a small side project that I want to make as historically accurate as possible. While searching for reference I found these two pictures. I'm almost sure they come from the same castle somewhere in the UK. Can you tell me which century was it most likely built and renovated (I mean plaster being put over stone arches) and if the furniture comes from the same time when renovation was done?
I wanted to make my project strictly medieval at first but then I saw these images and I really liked the storytelling (stonework visible underneath the plaster, furniture centuries younger than the castle itself), but If I'm going to do this I want to read more about the times it will be set in. I plan to add some props to my scene so I need to make sure they are historically acurate.
I appreciate your help!

Can anyone identify this Malcolm X interview?

I can't seem to find the whole interview anywhere:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ls0-cuDOzEA

Hi! I'm looking for some good books on King Redbad, his life, his rule, his legacy. Does anyone have suggestions?

The City of Ghat in the Fezzani, was it part of either the Umayyad or Fatimid Caliphates?.

Wikipedia describes the Ethiopian Empire under Haile Selassie (specifically between 1931-1974) as a constitutional monarchy. Is that accurate?

When was the last time an English monarch could have somebody executed? Thanks

I’m looking for a book on the important conferences of WW2 (eg Yalta). Can anyone suggest one?

Did the Ghaznavids conquer Bost or was it already their since before the dynasty took power (since Alp Tigin)

In wich year humanity started to count years number as we use it today? (2022)

Someone knows the name of the pice of metal they used to weight coins/macuquinas? My father claims this is one, but I fail to find any info about them.

Did Alexander the Great pole-vault over an enemy castle wall to open the gates for his army?

Earlier today I was discussing Alexander the Great with a coworker and he told me that Alexander the Great once pole-vaulted over a castle wall and opened the gate from the inside to let the rest of his men in. I’ve never heard of anything like this and upon a google search, nothing came up either. I thought I’d ask here if any of you have heard this story? It sounds kinda exaggerated and mythical to me.

Did ancient asian executioners really spray alcohol on their blade?

It's something that's really commonly shown in media, but I can't seem to get a credible source on why they did it and whether it's real history or fiction

EDIT: SOLVED (I think)

(Nuclear History) Need help remembering the name.

I am not sure what it was exactly: French nuclear test site NAME , or CODE NAME, or LOCATION NAME, or maybe it was the name of a NUCLEAR BOMB, or OPERATION NAME.

What I do know, that it starts with an H and, if I remember correctly, related to French nuclear history.

If I see or hear the word, I would recognize it for sure. But I desperately need to remember it, and I just can’t. I need help.

Rolf Rollon Ragnvaldsson question about family crest/banner....

I am working on a passion project of my fathers. He worked on this for 20+ years of his life and never shared it with me. I knew of it, just not the extent of his research. He passed recently and I'd like to finish his work. I'm struggling to find any sort of confirmed family Crest for Rollo, I guess due to his complicated history. I'm overwhelmed with many other missing pieces on top of the emotions I'm feeling, so my apologies if I over looked an obvious Google answer. I didn't want to spend too much time on looking for that in one particular till later but then I thought about it and hoped this community could help me.

Where could I find behind the scenes info on the exact clothes of the costume Elvis Presley wore in Jailhouse Rock? I’m looking to recreate the look and want to know the names/how the look was made, was there a promotional behind-the-scenes magazine or something that ran at the time of the song?

When was the Paperboy cap invented? Trying to settle a question regarding something being accurate to possibly the 1500s-1600s.

Someone who knows about Kunoichis?

I found on website:

"In Japanese "Kunoichi" means "nine plus one". The interpretation of this phrase is that , a woman biologically has "ten" = "Nine plus one" holes in her body comparing with a man who has nine holes in his body"

And i'm having hard time believing it, so i'm really really curious, if this is true.

ps. Also if anyone knows good Reliable sites to read up or listen or watch about that era Japan. Pls tell me.

(Are there) documented moralistic fallacies about human nature, 1500AD and earlier?

Dear Historians,

I am looking for documented moralistic fallacies, that have been stated by politicians, scholars, nobles, military leaders or others. The fallacies should be about human nature. (Or about sub-groups of humans like men, women, certain ethnic groups and cultures etc). The statements should have been made before 1500AD.

A moralistic fallacy looks like this:

It ought to be that A, therefore B is an objective fact of the world.

An (racist) example would be: We ought to rule the continent, therefore all other ethnic groups are genetically build to serve.

​

I'd be grateful if anyone could mention/reference one or the other example, since I have a really hard time finding any literature about it.

(Footnote regarding religious facts: Even though one could argue, that stating "religious facts" ("because god made us this way") could be understood as factual claim, I would like to exclude them from this request, since they are not falsifiable and thereby a category by themselves that I wouldn't want to get into.)