Who was allowed to participate in jousting tournaments?

Was it knights and higher titles only or could Men-at-arms and ministeriales participate too?

Was requested to repost the following question here instead:

What is the purpose and name of the word on the bottom right of ~18th century printed book pages? That title is perhaps a bit confusing, but I'm refering to when printed books would place the first word of the next page at the bottom right of passage of text from the previous page, like this. I'm a PhD History student studying the 18th century myself, and I've often wondered if this technique has a name, and what it's exact purpose is. Is it for the typesetter? Is it for the benefit of the reader? While it is almost ubiqutious on 18th century books, it is evidently something that fell out of fashion by the modern day. I tried searching for an answer, but unfortunately I can't think of the right words to look it up effectively, so any insight is appreciated!

What was some non-water, non-alcoholic beverages that were drunk in Medieval Germany, France, England, etc?

We all know that the water was perfectly safe to drink, and that beer & wine was drunk in all its varieties for fun but was there any options for a drink that didn't get me drunk and that wasn't water?

I remember learning about a medeival pilgrims guide to Rome (although I'm sure there's lots), but I'm having real difficulty finding a list or anything of them on the internet.

Does anyone know some english recommendations

Question regarding the Gawain Poet:

I have been listening to "King Arthur: History and Legend" by Professor Dorsey Armstrong's on the Great Courses.

During the Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lecture, Dr. Armstrong notes that scholars have found that the Gawain Poet:

“. . .made use of sophisticated mathematical principles, such as square roots, primes, geometric equations, and the golden ratio,”

and that,

“There is one scholar who has gone so far as to write an entire book focused on the mathematical structures of all the Gawain Poet’s works.”

I have been trying to track down this source, or other sources that study mathematics in the Gawain Poet's works, but have come up short. I am not familiar with the best ways to search for historical scholarship/secondary sources.

I was hoping to ask the community if anyone knows of the source Dr. Armstrong is referencing, or can point me to the best way to go about finding it/researching this topic? Further, if you have any familiarity with this topic, I would be very grateful to get your thoughts!

Has Spain ever apologized to Mexico for what Spanish Conquistadors did to Natives?

What was the area between the Syr Darya and Amu Darya called in Persian and/or other Iranian languages like Sogdian. It is called Transoxiana in Latin and Maveranahr in Arabic.

Has a bill ever been passed completely unanimously in the U.S.? I.e., 435-0 in the House, 100-0 in the Senate, and signed by the President.

Does anybody know of any books or compendium that contain letters, writings or bills coming from usual everyday common ancient people. Like letters from roman soldiers or tablets from summeran people, etc.

Any book that would contain these collected writings would be great

What was the first portrait?

I suppose my question touches upon two key moments:

what is the first portrait of a human/person?

&

what is the first portrait of an individual? (i.e. a depiction of someone we can definitively say was that person)

In this case, I define the term 'portrait' as a painting, drawing, or sculpture that bares resemblance to a person. While one may be familiar with the seldom depicted human figures in cave art and the Venus figurines that imitate the female physique, both creations of prehistoric humans, what earlier cases of portraiture are we aware of?

Is this subreddit the place to ask for book recommendations?

I would like to learn more about the Holy Roman Empire and then what it became of it following it. I want to learn about all the tiny little countries that made up it as well austro-hungary empire and it's history and how it came to be.

Im looking for an engaging but also respected book on the early Middle Ages. In particular the development of the barbarian kingdoms.

Does anyone have any resources regarding the Dutch underground's bicycle courier network under Nazi occupation?

While visiting the Verzetsmuseum in Amsterdam, they had a poster (which I am trying to find again...) outlining various cities, and how long it would take for a letter/parcel to get between various cities using their network, for something so formalized, I was hoping to find some resources going into detail on it.

Also, if anyone can find the poster, that would be spectacular.

I've struggled to find much of any info on this network beyond the rare mention in passing.

I recall reading a post a few years ago about the inception of the war on drugs, and it got a bit controversial because the post said that in the beginning, African-American community leaders were the ones who asked for stricter police action and attitudes towards drug dealers. I want to double check the sources on that claim, but I can't find the original post I read it in. Does anyone know the original post, or better yet know if that argument is accepted by historians?

I study the history of wrestling as a hobby. The other day I wrote a post about the Wayne Munn fiasco of 1925. The source I was quoting had a reproduction of the event's poster, and the poster said tickets could be purchased in advance at Jack's, at Cappa's, at Piccolo Music Co. or at Joe Curio's

Any way to find out what those stores sold and what happened to them? This was in Philladelphia

I would appreciate some recommendations of good, old-fashioned works of narrative history; preferably available in epub format.

The time period covered is less important to me than the 'genre' of the writing, as it were. I'm not looking for pop history, but neither am I interested in esoteric academic stuff. Bonus points for grand scope, epic length, and a general air of stodgieness.

Some examples I've recently read that fit the bill:

• The Napoleonic Wars: A Global History - Alexander Mikaberidze
• The Thirty Years War - C.V. Wegewood
• Ravenna - Judith Herrin
• The Noble Revolt - John Adamson

Thanks in advance, historians of Reddit.

When and how did the Estates General of France first form?

Looking for a readable (but still respected) book on the European "barbarians". Particularly in the early Middle Ages.

The Byzantine Empire made attempts to reconquer the west under justinian, why were the conquests not grander in scale? Surely the people of the former WRE noticed a decline in living standards and internal security and since everyone and their mom was trying to be the next Rome, why not just live under the old one?

(About the surrender of Robert E. Lee in the American Civil War.) Hi, I'm looking for a specific passage from a book describing the state in which Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee arrived at Appomattox Court House for the surrender. I can't remember specific quotes but there was reference to Grant as a frontiersman who showed up in the same practical clothing he'd been wearing for weeks and Lee as a very polished man who arrived in his absolute finest. There was a great sense of contrast, and reference to what a quick exchange it was. It was going around the internet a bit back (with some comments about how Americans still love the story of the rough-cut frontiersman triumphing over the polished old money); it left quite an impact on me and I unfortunately didn't save the image or hunt down the source at all. TIA!

Did the Ancient Greek city states employ Persian mercenaries? I remember reading about Persian archers being better compared to their Greek counterpart (Cretan archers) *[despite the cretan being more famously used as their archers] once *[(I think in Xenophon's book?)] so I'm a bit curious

Book Request: Could someone recommend a book on the general history of Buddhism? I'm interested in its origins, its spread, and how/why the different branches developed.

Im having an interest in the Sovjet unions involvement in the Vietnam war. My specific question is this. The people their went by “military experts”. Ive read that GRU used the war to test their (then) new SVD Dragonov rifle. What uniforms did these GRU snipers wear? NVA uniforms, soviet “sunshine rays” or something Else entirely?

Picked up Stephen Cohen's Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution out of a bargain bin on a whim - always feel weird reading revisionists in an area I don't have a strong command of. Where does this work stand 50 years on?

Has anyone ever held all these titles/ranks Baron, Viscount, Earl, Marquess and Duke?

As the above title says has anyone in history ever held all titles/ranks when it comes to nobility and if so who was the first person to hold all?

Emperors of the holy roman empire called themselfes rex romanorum from Heinrich II. onwards, how were earlier kings like Charlemagne or Lothar I. adressed / what did they call themselfes?

There’s a quote in the book Utopia by Thomas More that says “I’d rather govern rich men than be one.” The quote is attributed to a Roman in the book, but I can’t verify that. Does anyone know if this is a real quote and if so, who said it?

What would be some recommendations, either Chinese and English, if one wants to read about the kingdoms of Dali and/or Nanzhao?

Why did the Romans dislike christianity so much more than other religions like Judaism or some Germanic religions?

For the mods: I have a question about British history and Royal traditions that also refers to Camilla, Queen Consort. Would that violate the 20 year rule? It's partly in relation to current events but the answer is probably based on much older traditions

What were the international community's thoughts regarding Executive Order 9066 issued by FDR? Were there any actions taken against it?

Did I make this up? A powerful ancient man, I’m thinking an Athenian tyrant. Joked that his baby son was really in charge, because he would do as his wife wanted and she wanted what the baby wanted.

Was Richard Nixon's funeral held at the capitol? I know its standard for American presidents to have their funeral held in the capitol after their deaths. I wonder though, did this happen with Nixon? I asked my mother since she's old enough to have remembered his presidency, but she did not know. Strangely, I can find no mention as to whether or not his coffin was ever put in the capitol rotunda. Did he get treated like other presidents after his death despite the watergate scandal or not? I don't understand why I can't find an answer to this bit of trivia.

Was there a major sinking of an allied demobilization ship (carrying soldiers from Europe back to the US) in 1945/46/47? One with a death toll in the hundreds?

I was told by someone today that such a thing did happen (that a ship overloaded with returning troops tragically sunk after VE Day), but I can't find any evidence of it.

What happened to Mobutu Sesse Sekos iconic leopard hat? Is it in a museum anywhere or is it lost?

Does anyone have any resources that translate into English either "Der Naturen Bloeme" by van Maerlant, or "Liber de Natura Rerem" by Cantimpre?

Or, barring that, a resource that has faithfully reproduced the text in a more readable format? I've failed to find anything for Der Naturen Bloeme and the only thing I could find of Liber de Natura Rerem was something like 350USD and otherwise not accessible near me.

The usual portrayal of streltsy has them equipped with both a saber and a bardiche. Which weapon were they actually supposed to use in close combat?

Can anyone recommend material debating or criticising the concept of Le Grand Siecle in France as élite, limited etc? It would be awesome if it was in English, but French is okay too.

"Un Grand Siecle pour qui?" seems an obvious idea to me from my Anglophone perspective, and one that I assumed would have been written about loads, but I have only found one thing so far that seems to take that stance. (Unfortunately can't find a note of the title/author right now, but I'd recognise it if I saw it.)

how do i refer to early / late B.C. vs. early / late A.D.?

we generally refer to the 10s-20s-30s etc as ‘early’ in the century/millennium and the 70s-80s-90s etc as ‘late’, what is the correct way to refer to the same periods in BC? Since 470 BC is before 420 BC, is 470 ‘early’ 400s and 420 ‘late’ 400s?

Did the Anglo-Saxon’s of England share close ancestry with the later danish Vikings who came from the same region as the Anglo-Saxon ancestors (Angles and Saxons) did?

Is there an faq on the perceived effect strategic bombing in WWII?

When did humans start to hem their clothing? Did it arise independently multiple times, or spread across the globe from a single origin point?

Moderator-Requested transplant of previously made & now deleted post:

I'm working on a project which has led to me researching a lot of different mythological figures from around the world. I've found (unsurprisingly) a lot of mythological figures have very rough analogues in other mythologies; there's usually a deity of war, a deity of lightning/storms, a clever hero figure of some kind, etc etc. What I find strange is how, from my research, I haven't been able to find any other mythological figures known for invention and craftsmanship, except for Daedalus in greek mythology. Some gods are said to have created and given things to humanity (i.e. Thoth/Djehuty teaching people to write), but I never got the impression they were patrons of "inventors", per se.
I recognize the concept of a "scientist" is a relatively modern one, so I don't necessarily expect there to be a god of that, but I would have thought there would be gods dedicated to say, architecture, or cart-building, or shipwrights, or something along those lines. I suppose Hestia was a goddess of the home, and you could argue Hephaestus was also an inventor, but those are still ancient greece (and by extension rome).
I suppose we're now kind of getting into the weeds of what "invention" means, since there are plenty of gods who smithed a bunch of magical weapons, for example; I just can't think of anyone besides daedalus who made (for lack of better terms) "gadgets" and "technology", as opposed to art, or magical items. (not to say daedalus' constructs weren't magical to the greeks, but thats a whole other can of worms).
I know the greeks were pretty technologically advanced for their time (inasmuch as "technological advancement" is something that can be quantified), but it's still strange to me for them to be the only ones with a mythological figure dedicated to this concept. Am I missing something?

when did fast food become world spread through out the world?

I’m sure you’ve been asked this before, but did the destruction of the library of Alexandria and the death of inventors such has Hypatia set humanity back a long time? And why did the pagans accept inventions like the astrolabe and etc but not Christians?

How many non-White heads of state have there been in European/North American nations in the last 300 years?

Why and how is drinking alcohol in America before and around the prohibition era got so popular?

What was the longest century in history?