I imagine that the answers to these questions might differ significantly depending on the specific city and time period, so even a snapshot of one place in a particular time would be great. And if y'all have any suggestions for further reading on the subject that is somewhat approachable for non-academic, I would really appreciate it as well. Thanks in advance!
Venice was quite a complicated case.
It's so complicated that making a summary doesn't really make justice to their power structure. So I'll just leave here THE link for it: http://www.veneziamuseo.it/REPUBBLICA/a_rep_org_cost.htm
Here you will find essentialy everything with a detail that I didn't find anywhere else.