Julius Caesar fought to conquer Gaul from 58 to 50 B.C., but then had to withdraw and fight his countrymen in the Roman Civil War that lasted five years. What happened to the mostly-conquered Gauls during this period? Did they reassert their independence?

by RusticBohemian
Libertat

You might find some elements of answers in this earlier answer

Basically, we don't have much informations about what exactly happened in Gaul between Caesar's departure and Augustus' provincial reorganisation, as the region was really peripheral to the civil wars that followed the execution of the dictator and mostly left to run on the momentum he impulsed.

Gaul at this point had been bleed dry by the conquest, maybe up to one million dead or enslaved, and whose anti-Roman elites had been killed, exiled or converted, and thus simply had not the means to form large military coalitions comparable to 57's, 56's, 52's or 51's any more.

The regions wasn't ruined either, and some polities and elites managed to assert themselves as part of the "inner" Roman sphere (whereas central Gaul as a whole was part of its outer sphere decades before the conquest), endorsing display of romanity (consumption, art, public buildings, etc.) as well as participating to roman structures and notably the army either as garrisons in Gaul or as Roman recruits notably within the Alauda legion; whereas former allies or favourites of Caesar still beneficed from their alliances trough favourable statutes and fiscal exemptions; especially as Marc-Antony seems to have largely maintained the Caesarian regional client networks at its benefit, especially military.

It doesn't mean there weren't revolts, and there were several difficult campaigns for Romans with Octavian taking control of the province and trying to assert a more hands-down Roman rule on the region, naming Agrippa as governor of Transalpine Gaul likely at these ends. Revolt amongst Aquitains (with support of independent Hispanian peoples) and North-Eastern Gauls (with support of Germans) were regularly brewing until the end of the century and Augustean campaigns in Spain and Germania intimately associated with the need to stabilize the Gallic conquest, although it's not obvious whether these were attempts at independence or revolt against tighter fiscal and political Roman presence ending up with a triprovincialisation of Gaul and the formalization of a Gallic fiscal unit.