In the comedy song "King Tut," at one point it's claimed that Tutankhamun ate a crocodile. What do we know, if anything, about nonstandard/'novelty' dining among the social elites of ancient Egypt? How realistic would if be for an 18th dynasty pharaoh such as King Tut to have eaten crocodile meat?

by mykenae
cleopatra_philopater

This is a really fun question! Egyptian dining could get very interesting, but when I saw this question I was unsure if crocodiles were ever on the menu.

Beginning in the predynastic period, there are depictions of Egyptians hunting hippopotami and crocodiles with nets and harpoons. These were the two most dangerous animals in ancient Egypt, and it might have been necessary to hunt them in many instances. Like many large predators, the crocodile population was probably more impacted by extirpation than consumption.

In Dynastic era tomb paintings, hunting and fowling are portrayed as leisure activities strongly associated with the upper class. The hunting of dangerous animals in Egyptian art could also have been a symbolic gesture. Depictions of the pharaoh hunting animals like hippos and crocodiles likely represented his ability to destroy his enemies and protect the cosmic order. It is quite likely that crocodiles would have been hunted at the behest of the pharaoh, though perhaps not by the pharaoh himself.

The Egyptians had a complex relationship with crocodiles, and it is not fair to say that they had wholly negative attitudes towards them. They were associated with chaos and predation, but they also had positive associations with several Egyptian gods (such as Suchos and even Sobek to an extent). Crocodiles were mummified in vast numbers for use as votive offerings. Archaeologists discovered a crocodile nursery in Narmouthis which would have raised crocodiles for this purpose. Hunting must also have provided many of the crocodiles mummified for ritual use. Crocodile dung was used in Egyptian medicine, and crocodile parts were sometimes used in votive or ritual objects.

But were crocodiles ever eaten? The Egyptians were not particularly picky when it came to game. All manner of fish and animals were eaten when available. Egyptian nobles hunted birds like cranes and herons in the same marshlands that would have harboured crocodiles. Even the supposed taboo against pork consumption was likely more of a preference, if indeed it ever existed.

Still, there are very few references to crocodile consumption in Egyptian literature. As far as I am aware, these are all fairly late sources and imply a ritual context. In Roman Egypt, it was reportedly tradition for the inhabitants of Edfu to slaughter and eat crocodile during festivals celebrating the defeat of Horus' antagonist, Seth. This ritual may not have even been practiced during the Dynastic period, and does not mean that the Egyptians regularly ate crocodiles.

However, it's technically plausible for them to have been eaten as a novelty as well. Nile crocodiles are consumed in some African countries today, and according to F.W. Huchzermeyer's Crocodiles: Biology, Husbandry and Diseases, their meat is supposed to be comparable to chicken, fish and veal.

The dining habits of Egypt's royalty were very luxurious, with a much larger proportion of meat and desserts than the general population, which contributed to higher rates of diabetes and gout among them. Some of the dishes served were clearly intended as a novelty or delicacy.

One of the stranger dishes that might have graced King Tut's dinner table are stuffed hedgehogs (sorry Sonic). Hippopotami, the other deadly denizen of the Nile, also ended up on the menu sometimes. Gazelles and antelope were out of luck too. Some Greco-Roman accounts claimed that the Egyptians ate wood-bugs and snakes, but there is little actual evidence for this besides ancient prejudice. In general, Egyptian diners tended to prefer animals in the form of ungulates, fowl, and fish.