Yes! In fact, it happened twice under the Sasanians. The first time was under Shapur I c. 260 and was literally called Wēh Antiōk Šāpūr - the better Antioch of Shapur. This one was in Khuzestan, in the southwest corner of modern Iran, and was a pretty major city, serving as an administrative center for the region and an occasional residence of the royal court. It's called Beth Lapat in the in Syriac sources, and was apparently the place where the prophet Mani, founder of Manichaeism, was executed. In the Muslim period, the city became famous as a center of learning, especially medicine, although this is out of my expertise. We certainly know it existed, as archaeologists found its remains.

The second time was under Khosrow I Anushirvan, who sacked the city in 540. This is reported by the relatively contemporary historian Procopius and the later Arabic historians. His Wēh Antīōk Ḵosrow was near the capital of Ctesiphon, part of a huge urban agglomeration of a ton of cities known to the Arabs as al-Mada'in ( about 35 miles southeast of the future Baghdad). The city itself was pretty respectable in size, and was later called Rumiyya, derived from "Roman."

Deportations like this have a long history in Near Eastern empires (think of the Babylonian captivity of the Jews). What exactly the purpose of these deportations was is a little trickier to establish. Obviously, it seems to be a major insult to the Romans, and Matthew Canepa suggests that it served as a stage for performative defeat of the Roman enemy. Michael Morony postulates that it was a craft center, and we do know that Roman masonry was highly valued, so the deported Antiochenes (likely a mix of Greek and Syriac speakers) probably made their living as artisans. Roman culture was also in vogue at the time in the Sasanian Empire, and apparently Khosrow I enjoyed attending chariot races in his Antioch's hippodrome. The influence of Roman deportees has also been cited as important to the development of public baths, which will really take off in the Islamic period. In any case, your friend was absolutely right!

Sources/Further Reading:

Adams, Robert McC. and Donald P. Hansen. “Archaeological Reconnaissance and Soundings in Jundī Shāhpūr.” Ars Orientalis, vol. 7, 1968, pp. 53–70.

Canepa, Matthew P. The Two Eyes of the Earth: Art and Ritual of Kingship between Rome and Sasanian Iran. Berkeley: University of California, 2009.

Morony, Michael G. Iraq after the Muslim Conquest. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1984.