In Europe the ‘staple’ alcoholic beverages included wine and beer/ale, but also cider, mead… depending where and when you were. The primary drink everywhere is water - but maybe you mean the primary drink around which people would socialise.

Fair to note that alcohol has always been more popular in the Islamic world than Islamic clerics would like: possibly the most famous Islamic medieval poet in the West, Omar Khayyam, made constant references to alcohol: ‘jam’, ‘sharab’, etc. that make that much clear, and in fact a lot of Sufi and secular medieval Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Urdu literature have many references to alcohol as a fact of life. Alcohol is very easy to make from fruit and grain - even difficult to avoid making - and there was a reason for the constant enforcement of such laws.

But yes, overall, it was far less approved of, generally banned in theory, and banned in practice to varying degrees of effectiveness across the Islamic world. And this is still true: for more devout Muslims, what the West would see as ‘bar culture’ has other substitutes for late night socialising.

In the Islamic world, tea came in from China early in the Islamic period, and for centuries tea houses have been - and are still - common for social gathering even till late, especially in Iran, Central and South Asia, and Turkey.

Coffee is native to Ethiopia and among the earliest to adopt the drink were Yemenis across the Red Sea, and from there it spread throughout the Arab world and the Turks, to the extent that it was seen in Europe as the ‘Saracen’ drink (a famous apocryphal story has Pope Clement VIII proclaim that ‘this drink of Satan is so delicious that it would be a shame to let the infidels have exclusive use of it’ and proceed to bless it…) Coffee houses are also a major fixture in the Arab world and Turkey for social meetings, and coffee is often served to guests from family gatherings to diplomatic negotiations.

Other than this, there are fruit juices or ‘nectars’ (made from fruit leathers, which have an ancient Mesopotamian history) including the very popular apricot-based qamar-al-din. A very early lemonade was also developed in the Middle East, and like coffee this idea made its way to Western Europe via trade with Italy.

And of course another sort of establishment that fulfils a similar social role to alcohol-based bars is the hookah bar - but of course where tobacco is required this is much more recent, and dates to the 16th century - so admittedly not medieval - spreading from India and Iran to the Arab world, Turkey, and Central Asia. As for another smoked intoxicant which escaped specific prohibition in Islam, cannabis - generally consumed as ‘hashish’ - had already spread from East Asia to Europe by the dawn of Islam and has been popular throughout the Islamic World from the beginning.